Fungal Biology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which structure in fungi is responsible for the formation of spores?

  • Rhizoids
  • Hyphae
  • Mycelium
  • Fruiting body (correct)

What type of organisms primarily compose the phylum Chytridiomycota?

  • Freshwater pathogens
  • Soil mycorrhizal fungi
  • Marine saprophytes (correct)
  • Terrestrial saprophytes

What distinguishes Ascomycota from Zygomycota?

  • Most Ascomycota are multicellular. (correct)
  • Ascomycota do not form spores.
  • Most Ascomycota are unicellular.
  • Ascomycota have flagellated spores.

During which stage of sexual reproduction does karyogamy occur?

<p>After plasmogamy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of hyphae found in the phylum Zygomycota?

<p>Rhizoids and stolons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is NOT a typical method of fungal reproduction?

<p>Binary fission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is a mass of hyphae?

<p>Mycelium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the generalized life cycle of fungi, which stage follows plasmogamy?

<p>Karyogamy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process follows plasmogamy in the life cycle of fungi?

<p>Karyogamy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reproduction involves a part of the mycelium separating and starting a new life?

<p>Fragmentation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what condition do fungi typically engage in sexual reproduction?

<p>When environmental conditions are poor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the diploid chromosomes become after they are pulled apart in fungal reproduction?

<p>Two haploid daughter cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the state of fungi that can grow as either mycelia or yeast depending on temperature?

<p>Dimorphic state (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the nature of fungi as decomposers?

<p>Fungi and bacteria are both key decomposers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What forms when fungi and algae come together?

<p>Lichen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fungal reproductive process uses a small cell that pinches off as it grows?

<p>Budding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of the lysogenic cycle?

<p>The viral DNA becomes integrated into the host's genome. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes viroids?

<p>They are made up of small single-stranded RNA without a protein coat. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do prions replicate despite containing no nucleic acid?

<p>They convert normal proteins into prion proteins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process do viruses use to enter animal cells?

<p>Endocytosis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about fungi is true?

<p>They absorb nutrients directly from their environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes prions from viruses and viroids?

<p>Prions lack both nucleic acids and a protein coat. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes how viruses enter bacterial cells?

<p>By creating a hole in the cell wall and injecting their DNA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a notable feature of the lysogenic cycle compared to the lytic cycle?

<p>The viral DNA incorporates into the host genome and can remain dormant. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method by which fungi obtain energy?

<p>Nutrient absorption using extracellular digestion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the cell wall composition of fungi?

<p>Chitin, which is also found in insect exoskeletons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the reproductive structure of fungi is true?

<p>Spores can develop from a specialized structure called a sporangium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT typical of fungi?

<p>Ability to perform photosynthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the multicellular structures of fungi consist of?

<p>Thin, thread-like filaments called hyphae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about fungal reproduction is accurate?

<p>Fungi can reproduce either sexually or asexually (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do many fungi interact with other organisms?

<p>They form mutualistic relationships as symbionts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes yeast from other types of fungi?

<p>Yeasts are exclusively unicellular (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature connects the head of a bacteriophage to the tail sheath?

<p>Neck (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step in the lytic cycle immediately follows the entry of the virus into the host cell?

<p>Replication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do viruses utilize the host cell in the reproduction process?

<p>By hijacking the host's cellular machinery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of protein activity is found at the end plate of a bacteriophage?

<p>Lysozyme activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the lysogenic cycle, what happens to the viral DNA?

<p>It becomes dormant within the host DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of the lytic cycle for the host cell?

<p>The host cell is destroyed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of the bacteriophage is used to recognize receptor proteins on bacterial cells?

<p>Tail fibers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common characteristic defines viruses as parasites?

<p>They rely on living cells for reproduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do mycorrhizae play in the ecosystem?

<p>They decompose organic matter, returning nutrients to the soil. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do lichens benefit from their relationship with their partners?

<p>They gain protection while receiving minerals and moisture. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is caused by a pathogenic fungus?

<p>Both A and B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of haustoria in parasitic fungi?

<p>They penetrate the host to absorb nutrients. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of fungi is often linked with food spoilage?

<p>Zygomycetes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of pioneer species in fungal contexts?

<p>They help in soil formation by decomposing materials. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with pathogenic fungi?

<p>Providing essential nutrients to plants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What utility of fungi contributes to environmental cleanup?

<p>Bioremediation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Bacteriophages

A type of virus that infects bacteria. They consist of a head containing DNA surrounded by a protein coat, a tail sheath, and tail fibers.

Viral Reproduction

The process by which a virus replicates inside a host cell.

Attachment (Lytic Cycle)

The first stage of the lytic cycle, where the virus attaches itself to the surface of a host cell using its tail fibers.

Entry (Lytic Cycle)

The stage in the lytic cycle where the virus injects its genetic material into the host cell.

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Replication (Lytic Cycle)

The stage in the lytic cycle where the virus forces the host cell to replicate viral DNA and proteins.

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Assembly (Lytic Cycle)

The final stage of the lytic cycle where new viral particles are assembled within the host cell.

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Lysis/Release (Lytic Cycle)

The final stage of the lytic cycle where the host cell bursts open, releasing new virus particles.

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Lysogenic Cycle

A viral lifecycle where the viral DNA integrates into the host cell's DNA, remaining dormant. The virus can later enter the lytic cycle when triggered by environmental changes.

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How do fungi obtain nutrients?

Fungi obtain their nutrients by absorbing and digesting food from the surface they live on.

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What is extracellular digestion?

Fungi release enzymes outside their bodies to break down food before absorbing it.

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What are hyphae?

Hyphae are long, thread-like structures that make up the body of a fungus.

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What are spores?

Spores are tiny reproductive units that allow fungi to reproduce and spread.

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What is the role of fungi in the ecosystem?

Fungi play a vital role in breaking down dead organic matter, recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem.

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What does it mean when fungi are symbionts?

Many fungi live in close relationships with other organisms, benefiting both parties.

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What is the main component of fungal cell walls?

Chitin provides structural support and protection to fungal cell walls.

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Give some examples of common fungi.

Mushrooms, yeasts, molds, morels, bracket fungi, and puffballs are all examples of common fungi.

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What is the lysogenic cycle?

This is a viral reproductive cycle where the virus inserts its DNA into the host's DNA, becoming dormant. The virus can later enter the lytic cycle when triggered by environmental changes.

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How do viruses enter living cells?

These viruses enter bacterial cells by punching a hole in the cell wall and injecting their DNA. They enter plant cells through tiny rips in the cell wall and animal cells by endocytosis.

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What are viroids?

These are infectious agents that consist only of naked RNA without any protective protein coat, causing diseases in plants.

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What are prions?

These are virus-like organisms made up of a prion protein, containing only protein and no nucleic acid. They are linked to fatal diseases in humans and animals.

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How do prions replicate?

A prion protein converts host proteins into prion proteins, causing a cascade of misfolded proteins in the brain, leading to neurodegenerative diseases.

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What is the ecological importance of fungi?

Fungi are one of the most important groups of decomposers on Earth, playing a crucial role in nutrient cycling and maintaining healthy ecosystems.

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What are some adaptations of fungi?

Fungi have cell walls made of chitin, a strong and durable material that helps them resist pressure and maintain their shape. They also have a variety of adaptations for absorbing nutrients.

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What is a mycelium?

A network of interconnected hyphae that forms the main body of a fungus.

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What is a fruiting body?

The reproductive structure of a fungus that produces spores.

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What are cross-walls (septa) in fungi?

A cross-wall that divides the cells within hyphae, providing structure and compartmentalization.

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What are chytrids (Chytridiomycota) ?

A group of fungi that includes chytrids, which are mostly aquatic and have flagellated spores.

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What are zygomycetes (Zygomycota)?

A group of fungi that includes common molds, with stolons and rhizoids for growth.

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What are ascomycetes (Ascomycota)?

The largest group of fungi, including yeasts, molds, and morels.

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What are basidiomycetes (Basidiomycota)?

A group of fungi that includes mushrooms and puffballs, known for their club-shaped reproductive structures.

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What is plasmogamy?

The fusion of two protoplasts, the contents of two cells, bringing together two compatible haploid nuclei.

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What is karyogamy?

The fusion of two haploid nuclei within a single cell, forming a diploid nucleus.

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What is fragmentation?

A form of asexual reproduction in fungi where a piece of the mycelium separates and develops into a new individual.

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What is budding?

A form of asexual reproduction common in yeasts, where a small bud forms on the parent cell and eventually detaches to become a new individual.

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What is asexual spore production?

A type of asexual reproduction where a single mycelium produces spores, which can disperse and germinate into new fungi.

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What are dimorphic fungi?

Fungi that can exist in two different forms: filamentous mycelia and yeast-like cells, often depending on environmental conditions.

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What are decomposer fungi?

Fungi that decompose dead organic matter, breaking it down and recycling nutrients in the environment.

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What are mutualistic fungi?

Fungi that live in close relationships with other organisms where both organisms benefit.

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Mycorrhizae

The symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots, where fungi help plants absorb nutrients from the soil and plants provide sugars to the fungi.

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Fungal Decomposition

Fungi break down dead organic matter, including leaves, twigs, logs, and animals, returning essential nutrients to the soil.

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Lichens

A group of organisms consisting of a fungus and an algae or photosynthetic bacteria, where the fungus provides protection and the algae supplies food through photosynthesis.

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Pathogenic Fungi

Fungi that cause diseases in plants, like Dutch elm disease. They can also cause diseases in humans, such as ringworm and athlete's foot.

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Haustoria

A type of hyphae that penetrates the host's cells, allowing the parasitic fungus to absorb nutrients.

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Bioremediation Fungi

Fungi play a vital role in breaking down pollutants and cleaning up the environment. They can degrade various toxic chemicals, helping to restore contaminated areas.

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Pioneer Fungi

Fungi are the first organisms to inhabit a new environment, such as volcanic rock or barren land. They break down the substrate and create conditions for other organisms to thrive.

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Fungal Research

Fungi are being researched for a variety of applications, including food production, antibiotic development, and as model organisms in molecular biology studies.

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Study Notes

Viruses: The Boundary of Life

  • Viruses are infectious agents composed of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat (capsid).
  • They require a host cell to reproduce.
  • They exist on the boundary between non-living macromolecules and living cells.
  • Viruses are ubiquitous.
  • Viruses consist of a core of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and a protective coat of protein molecules and sometimes lipids.

Naming Viruses

  • Viruses are named based on three characteristics:
    • Type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
    • If the nucleic acid is single or double-stranded
    • Presence or absence of a nuclear envelope

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes vs. Viruses

Feature Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Viruses
Nucleus No membrane-bound nucleus Has a membrane-bound nucleus No nucleus
Membranes Few or no membrane-bound organelles Many membrane-bound organelles No membranes
Cell Wall Often have a cell wall Some have a cell wall (plants) No cell wall
Reproduction Can reproduce on its own Can reproduce on its own Cannot reproduce on its own; requires host
Considered alive Generally considered alive Generally considered alive Generally not considered alive by most standards

Virus Structure

  • Virion: entire virus particle.
  • Capsid: outer protein shell of a virus.
  • Nucleic acid: Either RNA or DNA, determining infectivity.
  • Envelope (in some viruses): A lipid layer surrounding the capsid.
  • Various proteins (enzymes): Provide additional functions.

Virus Shapes

  • Helical: Rod-shaped, capsid proteins form a spiral.
  • Polyhedral: Many sides (e.g., icosahedral).
  • Complex: Combination of helical and polyhedral structures (e.g., bacteriophages).

Virus Replication: Lytic Cycle

  • Attachment: Virus attaches to host cell surface.
  • Penetration: Virus enters the host cell.
  • Biosynthesis: Viral components are produced.
  • Maturation: New viral particles are assembled.
  • Lysis: Host cell bursts, releasing new viruses.

Virus Replication: Lysogenic Cycle

  • Viral DNA integrates into host DNA.
  • Viral DNA is replicated along with host DNA.
  • Environmental changes trigger the lytic cycle.

Viruses and Living Cells

  • Viruses must infect living cells to reproduce.
  • They use host cell resources for replication.
  • Viruses can act as parasites.

Bacteriophages

  • Viruses that infect bacteria.
  • Complex structure with heads, tails, and fibers.
  • Use tail fibers to recognize host receptors.

Viroids

  • Infectious agents composed of naked, single-stranded RNA.
  • Only infect plants.
  • Small (250-400 bases).

Prions

  • Infectious agents consisting entirely of protein.
  • No nucleic acid.
  • Cause fatal brain diseases in animals and humans.
  • Prion protein converts normal host proteins into abnormal prion forms.

Fungi: Key Concepts

  • Fungi are heterotrophs. They absorb nutrients, often from dead organisms (decomposers).
  • Fungi are multicellular (some are unicellular - yeasts).
  • Fungi use extracellular digestion.
  • Fungi can be symbionts.

Fungi: Characteristics

  • Multicellular or Unicellular (yeasts).
  • Cell walls made of chitin.
  • Hyphae: thread-like filaments forming the body of the fungus.
  • Mycelium: network of hyphae.
  • Cross walls (septa) may divide hyphae into cells.

Fungi: Reproduction

  • May reproduce sexually or asexually.
  • Asexual reproduction: budding, fragmentation, spore production.
  • Sexual reproduction: involves three sequential stages (plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis).

Fungi: Roles

  • Decomposers: Recycle nutrients.
  • Pathogens: Cause disease.
  • Mutualists: Form symbiotic relationships.

Fungi and Humans

  • Used in food production (e.g., cheese, bread, wine).
  • Source of antibiotics (e.g., penicillin).
  • Important for bioremediation.

Lichens

  • Symbiotic association of fungi (usually Ascomycota) and algae or photosynthetic bacteria.
  • Help show when environmental conditions are unsuitable and are among the first organisms to colonize environments.

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