Fundamentals of Speech Exam 1 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What are the three benefits of public speaking?

Personal, Professional, Public

According to Dr. Wood, what are the three common patterns for organizing a speech?

Chronological, Categorical, Spatial

What are the four methods of delivery according to Dr. Wood?

Manuscript, Impromptu, Memorized, Extemporaneous

What is one professional reason for developing speaking skills?

Many jobs and careers require some form of public speaking and communication. Signup and view all the answers

What is one public reason for developing speaking skills?

Understanding speeches in government and democracy. Signup and view all the answers

What is one personal reason for developing speaking skills?

Toast at a wedding; eulogy at a funeral. Signup and view all the answers

What is 'the fear of public speaking' referred to in the communication field?

Communication apprehension (CA) Signup and view all the answers

According to the author, ____________ is a type of anxiety that is derived from the external situation in which individuals find themselves.

state-anxiety Signup and view all the answers

According to the author, _______ is the context, viewpoint, or set of presuppositions within which a person's perception and thinking occur.

frame of reference Signup and view all the answers

Name two techniques for building confidence.

Prepare well, visualize success Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step of ethical speech preparation?

Take notes Signup and view all the answers

According to the author, _______ is an internal process through which individuals can deliberately adjust how they perceive an action or experience.

cognitive restructuring (CR) Signup and view all the answers

According to the author, _______ is plagiarism that occurs when a speaker uses an entire work that is not their own.

global plagiarism Signup and view all the answers

According to the author, _______ is plagiarism that occurs when most of the speech is the speaker’s original work, but quotes or other information have been used without citation.

incremental plagiarism Signup and view all the answers

According to the author, an ______ is one who actively interprets shared material and analyzes the content and speaker's effectiveness.

ethical listener Signup and view all the answers

According to the author, _____ isolates a particular person or group in a derogatory manner.

hate language Signup and view all the answers

According to the author, fostering an appreciation for differences among individuals and groups is known as fostering ______.

diversity Signup and view all the answers

What are the three T's in speech delivery?

Tell them what you're gonna tell them, tell them, tell them what you told them Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of main points of a speech?

3-5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal number of main points?

3 Signup and view all the answers

What does AMC stand for?

Audience, Message, Channel Signup and view all the answers

What are the two models of communication?

Linear and Transactional Signup and view all the answers

According to the author, message can be intentional or ______.

unintentional Signup and view all the answers

What are the four types of noise discussed in Chapter 1?

Physiological, Psychological, Physical, Cultural Signup and view all the answers

What is encoding?

The process of taking an idea or mental image and speaking those words to convey a message. Signup and view all the answers

What is decoding?

The reverse process of listening to words, thinking about them, and turning those words into mental images. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 7 elements of the communication process?

Encoding, Decoding, Communicator, Message, Channel, Noise, World views, Context Signup and view all the answers

What are the 5 components to our worldview?

Epistemology, Ontology, Axiology, Cosmology, Praxeology Signup and view all the answers

What is epistemology?

The way that we acquire knowledge and/or what counts as knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

What is ontology?

Refers to our belief system, how we see the nature of reality or what we perceive as true or false. Signup and view all the answers

What is axiology?

Represents our value system, or what we see as right or wrong, good or bad, fair or unfair. Signup and view all the answers

What is cosmology?

Signifies the way that we see our relationship to the universe and to other people. Signup and view all the answers

What is praxeology?

Denotes our preferred method of completing everyday tasks or our approach to solving problems. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three general purposes for a speech?

Persuade, Inform, Entertain Signup and view all the answers

Name three speaking competencies.

Useful topic, Engaging introduction, Clear organization Signup and view all the answers

What is parallelism?

Using similar sentence structure on all main points to keep the audience engaged. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of communication apprehension?

Trait-anxiety, State-anxiety, Scrutiny fear Signup and view all the answers

Define trait-anxiety.

A type of anxiety aligned with an individual's personality and perspective on public speaking. Signup and view all the answers

Define scrutiny fear.

Fear of being observed during an activity, leading to anxiety. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two frames of reference?

Habitual frame of reference, Personal frame of reference Signup and view all the answers

Define the habitual frame of reference.

Comes from a combination of personal experiences and what has been witnessed. Signup and view all the answers

Define the personal frame of reference.

Perceiving oneself engaging in a fun activity versus a stressful one. Signup and view all the answers

Define process anxiety.

A fear of preparing a speech that includes difficulty in deciding a topic. Signup and view all the answers

Define performance anxiety.

The fear of presenting a speech. Signup and view all the answers

What does SEMDR stand for?

Sender Encoding Message Decoding Receiving Signup and view all the answers

What is morality?

The process of discerning between right and wrong. Signup and view all the answers

Define ethics.

A system of principles of right and wrong that govern human conduct. Signup and view all the answers

Define an ethical dilemma.

When two 'right' choices are pitted against one another. Signup and view all the answers

According to the author, _______ is plagiarism that occurs when one 'patches' together bits and pieces from one or more sources.

patchwork plagiarism Signup and view all the answers

What are the five speech goals?

Promote diversity, Use inclusive language, Avoid hate speech, Raise social awareness, Employ respectful free speech Signup and view all the answers

What is an ethical listener?

One who actively interprets shared material and analyzes the content and speaker's effectiveness. Signup and view all the answers

What is oral-based listening?

Listening to a speaker/teacher and understanding. Signup and view all the answers

What is literate-based listening?

Listening while reading and comprehending material. Signup and view all the answers

What is stock piling?

Piling on quotes and citations without explanation and personal input. Signup and view all the answers

Define hearing.

A physiological process everyone does without trying. Signup and view all the answers

Define listening.

Requires attention and intentional effort to understand. Signup and view all the answers

What is auditory association?

When our auditory cortex recognizes and processes a sound by matching it to previously encountered sounds. Signup and view all the answers

_________ is turning our attention to a song we like or a poetry reading.

Appreciative listening Signup and view all the answers

________ is listening to a friend or family member to provide support.

Relative listening Signup and view all the answers

_________ is how therapists and conflict mediators are trained.

Empathetic or Therapeutic listening Signup and view all the answers

________ is done at political events, enduring a salesperson's pitch.

Critical listening Signup and view all the answers

_________ is focused on gaining information from a teacher or speaker.

Informational listening Signup and view all the answers

Name some academic benefits of listening.

Effective listening leads to better school success and GPA. Signup and view all the answers

Name some professional benefits of listening.

Helps understand connections between ideas, changes perspectives, and builds relationships. Signup and view all the answers

Name some personal benefits of listening.

Connects people, increases likability, resolves conflict. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three A's of active listening?

Attention, Attitude, Adjustment Signup and view all the answers

What are the three barriers to effective listening?

Anticipating, Judgement, Reacting emotionally Signup and view all the answers

Name the four strategies to enhance listening.

Keep an open mind, Identify distractions, Come prepared, Take notes Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of nonverbal feedback?

Sitting up straight, maintaining eye contact, nodding. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of verbal feedback?

Asking the speaker questions about their message. Signup and view all the answers

What are some ways to encourage effective listening?

Make your listeners care, Cue your listeners, Convince them to engage. Signup and view all the answers

What are signposts?

Transitional sentences between main points. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main areas of communication?

Speech and Mass Signup and view all the answers

Describe speech in terms of an area of communication.

Speaking through voice, like family communication. Signup and view all the answers

Describe mass in terms of an area of communication.

Added channels are needed to reach the masses, such as media. Signup and view all the answers

Public speaking requires an audience.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are the four myths about listening?

I can read, therefore I can listen; I am intelligent, therefore I can listen; You do not have to prepare to listen; Listening is easy. Signup and view all the answers

_____________ reflects the speaker's character and her ability to speak to the values of the listener.

Ethos Signup and view all the answers

_______ is an appeal to the audience's emotions.

Pathos Signup and view all the answers

What three things make up the rhetorical triangle of appeals?

Ethos, Pathos, Logos Signup and view all the answers

What is wide band listening?

Listening for patterns. Signup and view all the answers

What is narrow band listening?

Listening for details. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Benefits of Public Speaking

Personal, professional, and public advantages are key benefits of public speaking.

Speech Organization

Three common patterns for organizing a speech: chronological, categorical, and spatial.

Delivery Methods

Four methods of speech delivery: manuscript, impromptu, memorized, and extemporaneous.

Professional Speaking Skills

Essential for job performance, as many careers require effective public speaking.

Public Speaking Importance

Critical for understanding speeches related to government and democracy.

Personal Speaking Situations

Includes personal events like weddings and funerals requiring speeches.

Fear of Public Speaking

Known as communication apprehension (CA).

Types of Anxiety

State-anxiety arises from specific situations, while trait-anxiety relates to personality.

Frame of Reference

The context or viewpoint influencing an individual's perception and thinking.

Building Confidence

Key techniques: thorough preparation, visualization of success, avoiding gimmicks, mindful breathing, minimizing memorization, practicing aloud, and customizing practice sessions.

Ethical Speech Preparation

First step involves taking notes.

Cognitive Restructuring

An internal process to adjust perceptions or interpretations of experiences.

Plagiarism Types

Global plagiarism uses complete works from others. Incremental plagiarism involves uncredited quotes within original content. Patchwork plagiarism combines bits from multiple sources misrepresenting them as original.

Ethical Listener

An ethical listener analyzes content and assesses speaker effectiveness.

Hate Language

Language isolating individuals or groups negatively.

Fostering Diversity

Encouraging appreciation for individual and group differences.

The Three T's

A speech structure guideline: Tell them what you're gonna tell them, tell them, and then tell them what you told them.

Main Points in a Speech

Optimal range of main points: three to five, with three being ideal.

Message Preparation

Follow the POD approach: Prepare, choose an Organizational pattern, and Delivery.

Communication Models

Two primary models: linear and transactional.

Communication Noise Types

Four types: physiological, psychological, physical, and cultural.

Encoding vs. Decoding

Encoding transforms ideas into verbal messages, while decoding interprets those messages into mental images.

Communication Process Elements

Seven elements: encoding, decoding, communicator, message, channel, noise, and context.

Worldview Components

Five components: epistemology, ontology, axiology, cosmology, and praxeology.

General Speech Purposes

Aim to persuade, inform, or entertain (PIE).

Speaking Competencies

Key competencies include selecting a useful topic, engaging introduction, clear organization, well-supported ideas, and effective language use.

Importance of Parallelism

Utilizes similar sentence structures for coherence and audience engagement.

Communication Apprehension Types

Three forms: trait anxiety, state anxiety, and scrutiny fear.

Ethical Dilemmas

Situations involving contrasting "right" choices.

Listening Types

Various forms include appreciative, relative, empathetic, critical, and informational listening.

Barriers to Effective Listening

Common obstacles: anticipating responses, judging the speaker, and emotional reactions.

Active Listening Components

Three A's: Attention, Attitude, and Adjustment.

Enhancing Listening Strategies

Maintain open-mindedness, minimize distractions, come prepared, and take notes.

Feedback Types

Nonverbal feedback: body language indicating engagement. Verbal feedback: questions demonstrating understanding.

Communication Areas

Two main areas: speech (personal communication) and mass communication (media-based).

Listening Myths

Misconceptions include the beliefs that reading equals listening and that preparation is unnecessary.

Rhetorical Appeals

Ethos (character), Pathos (emotion), and Logos (logic) constitute the rhetorical triangle of appeals.

Listening Focus

Wideband listening identifies patterns while narrowband listening focuses on details.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of public speaking with these flashcards covering key concepts from Chapters 1, 3, 4, and 11. Topics include the benefits of public speaking, organizational patterns for speeches, and methods of delivery as outlined by Dr. Wood.