Fundamentals of Nutrition

Fundamentals of Nutrition

• Most know food is fundamentally related to good health
• Health care providers should practice and promote good nutrition
• Nutrition includes all body processes relating to food
• Nutritional status is the state or condition of one’s nutrition
• Wellness refers to a state of good health with optimal body function

Effects of Good Nutrition

• Includes healthy appearance and a well-developed body
• Promotes a good attitude, proper sleep, and good bowel habits
• Also leads to a high energy level, enthusiasm, and freedom from anxiety
• Good nutrition delays or prevents hypertension, which is high blood pressure

Conditions Prevented by Good Nutrition

• Atherosclerosis occurs when arteries are narrowed by fatty substances
• Osteoporosis is a condition in which bones become porous and break easily
• Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease caused by a lack of insulin
• Malnutrition occurs due to a state of poor nutrition

Essential Nutrients

• Essential nutrients are composed of chemical elements found in food
• They perform many body functions
• Essential nutrients are replaced by elements in the food eaten
• Nutrients are divided into six groups

Carbohydrates

• They are a major source of readily usable human energy
• Commonly known as starches or sugars
• Main sources include breads, cereals, pastas, grains, fruits, and sugar
• Cellulose is an indigestible form of plant carbohydrate

Lipids (Fats)

• Lipids are organic compounds commonly called fats and oils
• They provide the most concentrated form of energy for the body
• Fats provide the most concentrated form of energy and are high in calories
• Common lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols
• Lipids may be saturated or polyunsaturated

Cholesterol

• Cholesterol is a sterol lipid found in body cells and animal products
• It is transported in the bloodstream by lipoproteins
• High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is "good cholesterol"
• Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is "bad cholesterol"

Proteins

• Proteins are basic components of all body cells
• They repair tissue, regulate body functions, and provide energy and heat
• 22 amino acids make up proteins
• Complete proteins contain all nine essential amino acids
• Incomplete protein: all amino acids are not present

Vitamins

• Vitamins are organic compounds essential to life
• Important for metabolism, tissue building, and regulation of body processes
• Antioxidants help protect the body from harmful chemicals called free radicals
• Vitamins may be water-soluble or fat-soluble

Minerals

• Minerals are inorganic elements found in all body tissues
• They regulate body fluids, assist body functions, contribute to growth
• Also aid in building tissues
• Minerals that are essential to life impact different sources and functions

Water

• Found in all body tissues
• Essential for digestion
• Makes up most of blood plasma and cell cytoplasm
• Helps body tissues absorb nutrients
• Helps move waste through body

Utilization of Nutrients

• Food needs to be broken down so nutrients are absorbed into the circulatory system
• The processes include digestion and absorption
• Metabolism involves nutrients being used by cells for tissue building

Digestion & Peristalsis

• Digestion is the process by which the body breaks down food into smaller parts
• The food is chemically changed and moved through the digestive system
• Digestion can either be mechanical or chemical
• Peristalsis is the rhythmic, wavelike motion of muscles

Absorption

• Absorption follows digestion
• It is the process by which blood or lymph capillaries pick up digested nutrients
• Nutrients are carried to body cells
• Most absorption occurs in the small intestine

Metabolism & Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

• Metabolism is the process by which nutrients are used by cells
• This process assist with tissue building, providing energy, and regulating body functions
• Basal metabolic rate(or BMR) is the rate at which the body uses energy to maintain life when at complete rest
• Stored nutrients are used to provide energy when food intake isn't adequate

Maintaining Good Nutrition

• Good nutrition is the best way to attain and sustain overall good health
• Nutrients can also be found in foods
• MyPlate is a personalized plan for healthy food choices
• USDA Dietary Guidelines for Americans help balance calories to manage weight

USDA Dietary Guidelines

• They can reduce certain foods and food components and increase other foods
• They help build healthy eating patterns
• Food habits affect nutrition and should be evaluated utilizing the five major food groups

Weight Management

• Good nutrition and adequate exercise allow one to maintain a body weight
• The weight should be in proportion to body height
• Body mass index (BMI) measures weight in relation to height
• It correlates this with body fat, with the ideal range being 18.5 to 24.9

Underweight

• Weight management is used to achieve and maintain a desired body weight
• Underweight is when ones' body weight is between 10-15% less than the recommended weight or a BMI les then 18.5
• Can be caused by nutritional deficiencies or eating disorders

Common Eating Disorders

• Anorexia nervosa is commonly a phsycological disorder in which a person reduces or refuses food intake
• Bulimia is a psychological disorder in which a person binges and fasts
• Bulimarexia is a psychological disorder in which a person eats excessively and then uses laxatives or vomits

Overweight and Obesity

• Overweight means a body weight 10-20% greater than the average recommended weight
• Or it describes a person with a high BMI from 25 to 29.9
• Obesity is an excessive body weight 20% or more above the recommended weight
• Obesity is also descirbes a person with ab BMI equal to or greater than 30

Measuring Food Energy

• Foods vary in the amount of energy they contain
• A calorie is a unit of measurement of the fuel value of food
• Caloric requirements vary with each individual
• Energy that has been used has to be replaced
• Individuals who want to lose weight should increase activity and decreae calorie intake

Managing Weight

• Maintaining a desired body weight can lead to a longer and healthier life span
• Gradual weight loss with a change in habits is healthier and more likely to be sustained
• A physician should be consulted before starting any diet or weight management plan
• 1 pound of body fat is approximately 3,500 calories
• A slow loss of one to two pounds per week is an efficient a sae form of weight control
• USDA dietary guidelines are recommended to help manage weight

Therapeutic Diets

• Modifications of a normal diet in order to iimrpove specific health conditions
• Usually prescribed by a doctor and planned by a dietician
• Can change nutrients, caloric content, and texture of a normal diet

Regular Diets

• Balanced diet for patients with no dietary restrictions
• May reduce calorie slightly
• Foods sometimes decreased are rich desserts, cream sauces, and fried foods

Liquid Diets

• Include both clear liquids and full liquids
• Clear liquids consist of carbs and water and help after surgery and digestive issues
• Full liquids consist of clear liquids and other liquids

Soft Diets

• Special diet containing only foods that are soft in texture
• Require no or little chewing and are easy to disgest
• Helps patients after surgery

Diabetic Diet

• Diets in which numbers and kinds of carbs are restricted or limited
• Patients frequently take insulin by injection
• Should calculate carbs in each meal and avoid sugar heavy foods

Calorie Controlled Diets

• Include both low-calorie and high calorie diets
• Lower calorie for overweight people
• Avoid or limhigh calorie foods
• High calorie-underweight or anorexic patients

Low Cholesterol Diets

• Diets that are restricted of foods high in saturated fat
• Limits these foods to less than 50 grams a day
• For heart patients

Fat restricted Diets

• Used with limited amounts of fat or Lipids
• Also called low-fat diets
• Limits fat intake to less than 50 grams daily
• Avoid foods high in fat
• Used for patients with gallbladder and liver disease, obesity, atherosclerosis

Sodium Resticted Diets

• Special diets containing l ow or limited amounts of sodium
• Also called low-sodium or low-salt diets
• Used for cardiovascular diseases, kidney disease,fluid retention

Protein Diets

• Include both low-protein and high-protein diets
• Can for growth-delayed children and adolscents or pregnant and lactating women pre and post surgery patients with burns, fevers, infections

Bland Diet

• Diet containing only mild flavoured foods with soft textures
• easily disgested foods that do not irritate the disgestive tract
• used for patients with disorders

Fiber Diets

• Usually classified as high fiber or low fiber
• At least 30 grams of fiber without seeds or nuts daily
• Eliminates or limits high-fiber foods
• For patients with digestive or rectal diseases such as colitis or diarrhea

Other Diets

• Other diets may be ordered that restrict or increase certain nutrients
• Check prescribed diet and ask questions if foods seem incorrect

Computer Technology

• Computers and technology have become essential in almost every aspect of health care
• Some key uses include information systems, diagnostic testing, treatment, and patient monitoring

Computer Literacy

• Its' a basic understanding of how a computer works, that includes how the applications are used
• Microcomputers are handhelds tablets or smartphones
• Regular personal computers can sit on desktops
• Mainframe computers are larger, and more accessible
• Ergonomics promotes using techniques to prevent injuries

Information Systems

• Health providers use computers to manage information like word processing and databases
• Records are collections of information in databases
• Files are groups of records combined
• EHR's are are computerized versions of patient's medical information
• HIE is a system that lets health care agencies easily transfer info in national networks
• Patient portals are secure websites with patient info
• Systems also handle scheduling and finances

Information Systems cont.

• Spreadsheets are created of software to preform math functions
• Technicians, physicians, pharmacists, pharamcists and dietitians use
• HIPAA must be followed
• Confidentiality must be kept
• Authorized people are only allowed access

Computer aided diagnostics

• Computer diagnostic test shave improved over patient care
• Computerised labratory equipments automatise analyzing body fluid smaples

Cardiac Tests

• Devices and technologies have revolutionalised cardiac care
• Electrocardiograms (ECG's) measure the electrical activity of heart
• Execrice stresses tests- allow physicians to esamine heart functions

Cardiac tests cont

• Nuclear stress tests enables providers to see heatly parts of heart
• Dobutamine or adenosine strss tests physician can see stress

Cardiac testing cont.

• Echocardiogram is a ultrasound
• CT scan's are non invasive with radiation
• MRI's visualize intetnal organs
• PET scans scan bodies that are injectd by radiation
• Ultrasound creat pictues of body parts

4D Ultrasounds

• Include dental digital radiography
• Computer-aided detection (CADe) and computer-aided diagnosis (CADx)

Treatment Applications

• Many treatments use tech and comps
• Lasers can focus precisely
• Robotic surgery or computer assisted surgeries use computer devices
• Image guided surgery or image use peroperative and intraopertive scans
• Radiation therapy use high enery to drecrease tumors
• Computer aided design make prosthetics
• ADDS automated drug distributing

Patient monitoring

• Pulse oximeters
• Fetal heart monitors

Computer assisted eduation

• CAI is a way of self learning
• Includes mannequins
• Downloading entire libraries of books

Cyber Learning

• Internet has created a learning environment
• Internet creates oppertunities for units
• Tech will continue to evolve and progress as oppertunites

Research

• National Library of Medicine database called, MEDLINE has free access at PubMed
• MedlinePlus is also used
• Bioinformatics shares information for results

Communication

• Networks connect facilties
• INTERNET connects world
• Email messaging

Communication cont.

• Telemedecine use video and audio
• TELEPHARMICIES allow medication
• social network, proffesional and automatic mailing

Internet Usages

• Network offers medical updates
• Provides new procedures
• Aids in diagnoses
• For the expeditienciesin of organ transplants
• Consists of programs, indexes and retrival

Cyber Security

• ID Keywords for searching
• Evaluate the source of all information

Comput Protection and Security

• Healthcare records must be safe
• Lose data or electrical outages ,viruses, hackers
• UPS, uninterrupted power supply a battery source for back up

Cyber Security

• Vires can scramble comput programs
• Protective fire walls from other servers

Securing Information

• Protection is essential
• Installation of antivirus software will provide protection
• Encryption