Fundamentals of Nutrition

Fundamentals of Nutrition

• A fundamental relationship exist between food and good health
• Health care providers should promote good nutrition
• Nutrition encompasses all body processes relating to food
• Nutritional status refers to the state of one's nutrition
• Wellness signifies a state of good health with optimal body function
• Good nutrition leads to a healthy appearance, well-developed body, and a good attitude
• Good nutrition supports proper sleep and bowel habits, high energy levels, and freedom from anxiety
• Good nutrition can delay or prevent hypertension, which is high blood pressure
• Good nutrition can delay or prevent atherosclerosis, where arteries narrow due to fatty substances on their surfaces
• Good nutrition can delay or prevent osteoporosis, a condition where bones become porous and break easily
• Good nutrition can delay or prevent diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disease with increased blood glucose due to insufficient insulin
• Good nutrition can delay or prevent malnutrition, a state of poor nutrition

Essential Nutrients

• Essential nutrients are chemical elements found in food
• Essential nutrients perform many body functions
• Essential nutrients are replaced by elements in the food eaten
• Nutrients are divided into six groups

Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates serve as a major source of readily usable human energy
• Carbohydrates are commonly known as starches or sugars
• Breads, cereals, pastas, grains, fruits, and sugar are the main sources of carbohydrates
• Cellulose is an indigestible form of plant carbohydrate

Lipids (Fats)

• Lipids, commonly called fats and oils, provide the most concentrated energy form for the body
• Fats are nutrients that provide the most concentrated form of energy and are the highest-calorie energy nutrients
• Triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols comprise the three most common lipids
• Lipids may be saturated or polyunsaturated
• Cholesterol is a sterol lipid found in body cells and animal products
• Cholesterol is transported in the bloodstream by lipoproteins
• High-density lipoprotein (HDL) known as "good cholesterol"
• Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) known as "bad cholesterol"

Proteins

• Proteins are the basic components of all body cells
• Proteins are essential for repairing tissue, regulating body functions, providing energy, and generating heat
• Proteins are made up of 22 amino acids, with "building blocks"
• Complete proteins contain all 9 essential amino acids are present
• An incomplete protein does not contain all 9 essential amino acids

Vitamins

• Vitamins are organic compounds essential for life
• Vitamins are important for metabolism, tissue building, and regulation of body processes
• Antioxidants are organic molecules that protect the body from harmful chemicals called free radicals
• Vitamins can be water-soluble or fat-soluble

Minerals

• Minerals are inorganic elements found in all body tissues
• Minerals regulate body fluids and assist body functions
• Minerals contribute to growth and aid in building tissues

Water

• Water is found in all body tissues
• Water is crucial for digestion
• Water makes up most of blood plasma and cell cytoplasm
• Water helps body tissues absorb nutrients
• Water aids in moving waste through the body

Utilization of Nutrients

• Food breakdown is essential for nutrient absorption into the circulatory system
• Digestion and absorption are key processes
• Metabolism involves using the absorbed nutrients

Digestion

• Is the process of breaking down food into smaller parts
• Involves changing the food chemically
• Moves the food through the digestive system
• The components of this process are mechanical and chemical
• Peristalsis enables the rhythmic wavelike motion of muscles

Absorption

• Occurs after food digestion
• Where blood or lymph capillaries pick up digested nutrients
• Nutrients get carried to body cells
• Most happens in the small intestine

Metabolism

• Nutrients are used by cells for tissue building
• Nutrients provide energy and regulate bodily functions
• BMR, or basal metabolic rate, indicates how the body uses energy at complete rest
• Stored nutrients are used when food intake is inadequate

Maintenance of Good Nutrition

• Achieved and maintained through good nutrition
• Similar nutrients are found in food
• Good sources listed in text
• Is a personalized plan for healthy food choices
• MyPlate is used for healthy food choices

Maintenance of Good Nutrition

• Dietary Guidelines for Americans are:
• Balance calories
• Reduce certain foods
• Increase certain foods
• Improve eating patterns
• Food habits influence nutrition
• Evaluation should use the five major food groups

Weight Management

• Achieved with good nutrition and exercise
• Allows the individual to maintain a good body weight
• Body mass index, BMI, is correlated to health
• Ideal BMI falls in the range of 18.5 to 24.9

Underweight and Overweight

• Weight management maintains the desired weight
• Underweight is 10-15% less body weight than recommended
• Underweight means a BMI below 18.5
• Linked to deficiencies and eating disorders
• Anorexia nervosa is a disorder where a person refuses to intake food
• Bulimia is a disorder where a person overeats and then fasts
• Bulimarexia involves excessive eating followed by laxatives
• Overweight is 10-20% more body weight than recommended
• Being overweight means a BMI range from 25 to 29.9
• Obesity is 20% or more body weight than recommended
• Obesity is a BMI more than 30

Measuring Food Energy

• Foods contain different amounts of energy
• A fuel value of food is measured in calories
• Vary depending on the person
• Any energy used must be replaced
• People who want to lose weight should increase exercise and decrease caloric intake

Managing Weight

• Leads to a healthier life
• Gradual loss is desired
• Changes in habits is much healthier
• Should be consulted with a physician
• 1 pound of body fat is equivalent to 3,500 calories

Managing Weight

• Loss of 1-2 lbs. a week is healthy
• Following USDA Dietary Guidelines is desired

Therapeutic Diets

• Used to improve certain conditions
• Prescribed by care providers
• Planned by registered dietitians
• Change nutrients, texture, and calorie content

Regular Diet

• Balanced with no restrictions
• May have slight reduction
• Decreases desserts, condiments, and sauces

Liquid Diets

• Include clear and full diets
• Clear meaning a mix of water and carbs
• Full means clear liquids with addition liquids
• Used after procedures, or to treat upset digestive tracts

Soft Diet

• Made of foods this is soft in texture
• Easy to chew
• For procedures, GI problems, and swallowing issues
• Can be puréed for patients

Diabetic Diet

• Focuses on number and amount of carbs
• Called a carbohydrate-controlled diet
• Patient injects insulin
• Must check carb amounts
• Avoid heavy sugar

Calories-Controlled Diets

• Includes low and high
  • Low is for over weight patients while avoiding calorie heavy foods
  • High is for underweight anorexia, hyperthyroidism or cancer and includes carbs and proteins

Low-Cholesterol Diet

• Restricts high saturated fat
• Restricts foods with cholesterol
• Limits fat to under 50 grams a day
• Used for heart disease and atherosclerosis

Fat-Restricted Diets

• Low amounts of fats or lipids
• Otherwise called low-fat diets
• Limit to under 50 grams
• Avoid high fat foods
• Used for gall bladder illnesses, obesity, and artery hardening

Sodium-Restricted Diets

• Special diets with low levels of sodium salt
• Called low-sodium or low-salt diets
• Avoid salts
• For heart disease, kidneys, and water weight

Protein Diets

• Both high and low are included
  • High is for growing children, burn victims, and pregnant peoples
  • Low is for kidney problems, renal issues and allergies

Bland Diet

• A special diet with mild foods
• Easily digestible
• Used for patients with GI problems

Fiber Diets

• Can be high of low -High must be at least 30 grams a day without nuts or seeds
  • Low stops high-fiber foods
• For patients with diarrhea

Other Diets

• Restrict or increase nutrients
• Ask questions when foods seem wrong
• Include food that a patient likes

Computer Technology

• An important is healthcare
• Include system, tests, and treatments
• Monitor patients

Introduction

• Have become essential in healthcare
• Include educational, research, and communication tools
• Literacy is how a computer works
• Literacy is for professionals

Introduction

• There are different computer types in healthcare
• Microcomputer handheld personal assistant
• Personal computer rests on desk
• Mainframe is the largest and used by many

Introduction

• Using computers wrong can injure
• Ergonomics is science for safety
• Involves wellness

Information Systems

• Manages the information of providers
• Using databases and processing words -An organized source of information
• fields are specific categories inside databases

Information Systems

• Manages patient records
• Record involves a collection of information
• File involves combining the contents in records

Information Systems

• Manages health care information
• Creates records that are electronic
• Health information is exchanged through
• Network transfers to exchange information

Information Systems

• Manages patient information through portal
• Creates and transfers records
• Portals are online websites with patient’s data

Information Systems

• Health care has various ways to manage
• Orders and inventory
• Using and creating math functions

Information Systems

• Using computers and technology, workers are able to record patient information
• Workers include:
• Health information technician
• Physician
• Pharmacist
• Dietitian
• Laboratory technician
• Environmental service worker

Information Systems

• Involves the health insurance protection act.
• Confidentiality of patients must be secured
• Access granted to only the right users

Diagnostics

• The first step in taking and doing an examination
• Technologies influence care giving

Medical Laboratory Tests

• Analysis of automated body fluids
• Analyze of urine and blood
• Influence in working with technology

Cardiac Test

• Computers improve cardiology
• Electrocardiograms trace the activity of heart
• Tests can show function through activity

Cardiac Test

• Allows the evaluation of sections inside of hearts Determine healthy from unhealthy Dobutamine or adenosine test determine how a heart responds
• Utilized in patients unable to respond or stress

Cardiac Test

• Echocardiograms use sound to evaluate inside of heart

Imaging Technology

• Has better assistance through:
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

Imaging Technology

• Computerized is using X-Rays.
• Computerized Xrays shows sections in bones

Imaging Technology

• Magnetic shows images to use of magnets with different angles with computer
• Detects the radio injected substance with the patients image and show the function of body

Imaging Technology

• Ultrasonography uses high soundwaves
• Showing different high resolutions

Treatment

• Involves a computer and different technologies
• Involves beam lights to focus Also includes computer-assisted surgery

Treatment

• Procedures assist through guiding for operations
• Therapy decreases the sizes with energy particles

Treatment

• Three dimension software made by experts makes perfect customs. The ultrasound.
• The hearing assistive technology
• Automated Drug machines

Patient Monitoring

• Involved some monitors Pulse
• The Oximenters
• Fetal Heart
• Impedance
• Positions such as wearable