Fundamentals of Networking - Physical Topology
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Questions and Answers

What is an example of a signal impairment that specifically leads to bit errors?

  • Noise (correct)
  • Delay distortion
  • Attenuation
  • Analog degradation

    • What type of signal can an analog signal represent?

  • Only analog data
  • Both analog and digital data (correct)
  • Neither analog nor digital data
  • Only digital data

    • Which of the following best describes attenuation?

  • It only occurs in guided media.
  • It is a phenomenon where signal strength increases with distance.
  • It includes all types of noise.
  • It is the reduction of signal strength as it travels through a medium. (correct)

    • What is a solution to combat analog signal degradation?

    <p>Amplifiers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of noise is caused by thermal agitation of electrons in a conductor?

    <p>Thermal noise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does delay distortion primarily occur?

    <p>In guided media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is essential for a received signal to be detected without error?

    <p>It must be higher than the noise level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of noise may occur when changing from digital to analog signals?

    <p>Inter-modulation noise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does physical topology refer to in a network?

    <p>The arrangement of computers, cables, and components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an advantage of a bus topology?

    <p>Is robust against cable failures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which topology requires a terminator at both ends of the backbone cable?

    <p>Bus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary disadvantage of the star topology?

    <p>Highly dependent on a single device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which topology allows for easy fault identification and isolation?

    <p>Star</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The choice of network topology impacts which of the following aspects?

    <p>The types of equipment needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one disadvantage of bus topology related to network failures?

    <p>Entire network fails if the main cable is broken</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way can the growth of a network be affected by its topology?

    <p>It impacts the scalability and management of the network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a ring topology?

    <p>Signals are passed along in a unidirectional manner from device to device.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which topology allows each device to have a dedicated point-to-point link with every other device?

    <p>Mesh topology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of using a mesh topology?

    <p>Robustness as one link failure does not affect others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes an intranet?

    <p>A private network managed by a single administrative entity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between an intranet and an extranet?

    <p>An intranet is accessible only to internal users, whereas an extranet allows external partners.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of full-duplex transmission?

    <p>Devices can both transmit and receive simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode of transmission allows devices to transmit and receive, but not simultaneously?

    <p>Half-duplex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common disadvantage of a mesh topology?

    <p>Expensive due to extensive cabling and I/O ports.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that affects the successful transmission of data?

    <p>The quality of the signal being transmitted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the difference between analog and digital data?

    <p>Analog data takes on continuous values while digital data takes on discrete values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three important characteristics of an analog signal?

    <p>Amplitude, Frequency, Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the bandwidth of a signal represent?

    <p>The range of component frequencies in the frequency spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the electric or electromagnetic representations of data?

    <p>Signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following media types does not fit the classification of guided transmission media?

    <p>Radio waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes digital data?

    <p>Data that takes on discrete values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect is NOT typically associated with transmission media?

    <p>Storage capability of the receiver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)?

    <p>To convert analog signals into digital signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves sampling continuous data at equal intervals?

    <p>Sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two principal reasons for using analog data in communication?

    <p>Higher frequency needs and frequency-division multiplexing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a principal technique for modulation using analog data?

    <p>Pulse-width modulation (PWM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of combining multiple data streams into one signal?

    <p>Multiplexing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is used for multiplexing digital signals?

    <p>Time-division multiplexing (TDM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reverse process of multiplexing called?

    <p>Demultiplexing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)?

    <p>It assigns different frequencies to separate signals in analog transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Physical Topology

    • Represents the physical layout of a network, including computers, cables, and components.
    • Alternative terms: Physical layout, Design, Diagram, Map.
    • Composed of links connecting multiple devices; link structures form a topology.

    Logical Topology

    • Bound to network protocols that define data movement across the network.

    Impact of Topology

    • Affects network capabilities, equipment requirements, scalability, and management.

    Basic Topologies

    • Bus, Star, Ring, Mesh, and Hybrid.

    Bus Topology

    • Uses a single long cable as a backbone connecting all devices.
    • Advantages: Easy connections and lower cable usage.
    • Disadvantages: Network failure if the main cable breaks, requires terminators, troubleshooting issues.

    Star Topology

    • Each device connects to a central controller or concentrator.
    • Advantages: Robust, easy fault isolation, cheaper than mesh.
    • Disadvantages: Single point of failure, requires more cable than bus topology.

    Ring Topology

    • Devices connect to two neighbors, allowing signal transmission in one direction.
    • Utilizes repeaters in each device to maintain signal strength.

    Mesh Topology

    • Each device has a direct point-to-point link with every other device.
    • Advantages: No traffic problems, robust, enhanced privacy, easy fault identification.
    • Disadvantages: High cabling and port requirements make it more expensive.

    Hybrid Topology

    • Combines elements from different topologies, e.g., star and bus.

    Internetworking

    • Interconnection among various networks, known collectively as the internet.
    • Variants include Intranet (controlled by a single entity), Extranet (open to external parties), and Internet (global network of networks).

    Mode of Transmission

    • Refers to how signals flow between devices:
      • Simplex: One-way communication (e.g., TV).
      • Half-duplex: Two-way but not simultaneously (e.g., walkie-talkies).
      • Full-duplex: Two-way communication at the same time (e.g., telephones).

    Transmission Media

    • Guided or unguided mediums transmit data via electromagnetic waves.
    • Success depends on signal quality and transmission medium characteristics.

    Analog vs. Digital Data Representation

    • Analog data: Continuous values (e.g., audio).
    • Digital data: Discrete values (e.g., text).
    • Signals can be analog (continuous) or digital (discrete).

    Signals Characteristics

    • Amplitude: Signal strength at a specific point.
    • Frequency: Collection of all component frequencies.
    • Bandwidth: Width of frequency spectrum.

    Transmission Impairments

    • Signals may degrade during transmission, leading to analog quality loss or digital bit errors.
    • Common causes: Attenuation, delay distortion, and noise.
    • Solutions: Amplifiers for analog signals, repeaters for digital signals.

    Attenuation

    • Signal strength diminishes over distance; depends on medium.
    • Essential for received signal to be detectable and higher than noise levels.

    Delay Distortion

    • Occurs in guided media where signal propagation speeds vary with frequency.

    Noise Types

    • Thermal noise, crosstalk, impulse noise, and inter-modulation noise impact signal clarity.

    Signal vs. Data

    • Analog signals can encode both analog and digital data; digital signals primarily encode digital data.

    Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

    • Converts analog signals into digital form by sampling, quantizing, and encoding.

    Modulation Techniques

    • Used for effective transmission of high-frequency analog data over shared mediums:
      • Amplitude Modulation (AM)
      • Frequency Modulation (FM)
      • Phase Modulation (PM)

    Multiplexing

    • Combines multiple signals into one over a shared medium, optimizing resource use.
    • Demultiplexing retrieves original signals on the receiving side.
    • Basic types:
      • Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) for digital signals.
      • Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM) for analog signals.

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    Chapter_One of Networking.pdf

    Description

    Explore the concepts of physical topology in networking, focusing on the arrangement of devices and connections. This quiz delves into the definitions, characteristics, and types of physical layouts in a network. Test your understanding of how these components work together to form a functional network.

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