Fundamentals of Networking

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Questions and Answers

Which topology has no traffic problems and is robust against link failures?

Ring topology

Mesh topology (correct)

Hybrid topology

Star topology

What is a characteristic of a ring topology?

A signal passes to adjacent devices in one direction. (correct)

Every device is connected to every other device.

It requires no additional hardware components.

Signals travel in both directions.

Which mode of transmission allows both devices to transmit and receive at the same time?

Half-duplex

Multicast

Full-duplex (correct)

Simplex

Which component is NOT part of a data communication system?

Decoder Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the receiver in a data communication system?

To accept the signal and convert it. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes an intranet?

A private network under a single administrative entity. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common disadvantage of mesh topology?

It requires a significant amount of cabling and I/O ports. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'multiplexing' refer to in communication systems?

Efficiency in using shared transmission facilities Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the transmitter's function in a communication model?

To transform and encode information into signals Signup and view all the answers

What type of network allows external parties limited access to its resources?

Extranet Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'protocol' in data communications?

The rules governing data communications Signup and view all the answers

What type of transmission is described as unidirectional?

Simplex Signup and view all the answers

Which topology combines characteristics of two different topologies?

Hybrid topology Signup and view all the answers

Which is a key task related to signal generation in communication systems?

Ensuring signals can be propagated Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of error detection and correction in communication systems?

To identify and resolve potential errors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following devices could NOT be considered a sender in a data communication system?

Television set Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the capability of a communication link to transmit data in a given time?

Bandwidth Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transmission medium guides signals along a specific path?

Twisted Pair Cable Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connection involves sharing a link among multiple devices?

Multipoint Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT included in the examples of electromagnetic signals?

Ultrasonic waves Signup and view all the answers

Which type of link allows signals to propagate directly from transmitter to receiver without intermediate devices?

Direct link Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of unguided transmission media?

Infrared communication Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following uses of computer networks primarily involves sharing resources?

Database access Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a business-to-business transaction in e-commerce?

Placing online orders between companies Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes how NRZ-L represents digital data?

A constant voltage for digital 1s and another for digital 0s Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of NRZ-I signaling?

Long series of 0s creates a flat voltage level Signup and view all the answers

What are the pros of using NRZ encoding?

Efficient use of bandwidth Signup and view all the answers

What is a common disadvantage of NRZ encoding?

It has a high dc component Signup and view all the answers

How does the Manchester encoding scheme represent binary data?

Using a transition in the middle of each bit period to signify data Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario is NRZ encoding typically used?

For magnetic recording applications Signup and view all the answers

What does a low-to-high transition indicate in Manchester encoding?

A digital 1 signal Signup and view all the answers

Which component of NRZ encoding often causes synchronization issues?

The constant voltage levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)?

To send continuous data over a digital medium Signup and view all the answers

Which step in Pulse Code Modulation involves measuring the value of continuous data?

Sampling Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason for using modulation techniques with analog data?

To allow higher frequency transmission Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a principal technique for modulation of analog data?

Digital modulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of multiplexing in communication?

To combine multiple signals into one signal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following forms of multiplexing is primarily used for digital signals?

Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the process of retrieving original channels from a multiplexed signal?

Demultiplexing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about analog signals is true?

Modulation allows analog signals to be transmitted over a shared medium. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Overview of Computers in Networking

Computers include personal computers (PCs), workstations, hubs, switches, and routers.
Can be located anywhere geographically: no forced connections to start or stop other computers.

Data Communication System Components

Message: Information communicated (text, images, sound, etc.).
Sender: Information source device (e.g., computer, video camera).
Receiver: Destination device for the information.
Medium: Physical path for message transmission from sender to receiver.
Protocol: Set of rules governing data communication; agreement between devices.

Key Elements of Communication Model

Source: Generates data to transmit (e.g., telephones, PCs).
Transmitter: Encodes information to produce electromagnetic signals.
Transmission System: Network or line connecting source to destination.
Receiver: Accepts signal and converts it for use by the destination device.
Destination: Receives incoming data from the receiver.

Key Communication Tasks

Transmission System Utilization: Efficient use of shared transmission facilities, utilizing:
- Multiplexing techniques
- Congestion control
Signal Generation: Properties must allow propagation and interpretation as data.
Error Detection and Correction: Systems should detect and correct communication errors.

Network Topologies

Ring: Point-to-point connections between each device; signals pass one direction.
Mesh: Each device has links to all others; robust but costly due to cabling and ports.
Hybrid: Combination of multiple topologies, such as star-bus.

Internetworking

Connections among various types of networks (public, private, governmental).
Types of networks:
- Intranet: Network managed by a single entity.
- Internet: Global interconnection of networks.
- Extranet: Private network accessible to external partners.

Modes of Transmission

Simplex: Unidirectional transmission, one device sends (e.g., TV).
Half-duplex: Bidirectional but not simultaneous (e.g., walkie-talkie).
Full-duplex: Simultaneous transmission and reception (e.g., telephone).

Transmission Media

Carries signals from transmitter to receiver through electromagnetic signals.
Signal types include power, voice, radio waves, etc., traveling through various media.
Bandwidth measures data transfer capacity (bits per second).
Two categories:
- Guided: Cables direct signal (e.g., Fiber Optics, Twisted Pair).
- Unguided: Wireless media, signals travel without specific path guidance (e.g., Radio waves).

Types of Connections

Point-to-point: Dedicated link between two devices.
Multipoint: Multiple devices share a single link.
Direct link: Transmitter to receiver without intermediaries.
Indirect link: Systems connected through switched communication networks.

Applications of Computer Networks

Resource sharing: Access to programs, data, and equipment.
Communication: E-mail and collaborative online document editing.
Videoconferencing: Meetings with audio and video communication.
E-commerce: Online business transactions between companies and consumers.

Digital Encoding Techniques

NRZ (Non-Return-to-Zero): Uses voltage levels for binary representation.
- NRZ-L: Different voltage for 1s and 0s.
- NRZ-I: Voltage changes indicate 1, no change indicates 0.
Pros: Simple engineering and efficient bandwidth use.
Cons: Lack of synchronization and issues with long sequences of the same value.

Modulation Techniques for Analog Data

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM): Converts analog signals into digital form.
- Sampling, quantizing, and transforming to binary values.
Modulation Methods: Techniques for varying frequency, amplitude, or phase:
- Amplitude Modulation (AM)
- Frequency Modulation (FM)
- Phase Modulation (PM)

Multiplexing

Combines multiple signals into one over shared media.
Allows efficient use of capacity; requires demultiplexing on the receiver end.
Basic forms include:
- Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) for digital signals.
- Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM) for analog signals.

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Description

This quiz covers the basic concepts of networking, including types of computers like PCs, workstations, and specialized devices. It also discusses the components of a data communication system, emphasizing the importance of each part in the communication process.