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Questions and Answers
What unit is used to measure machine cycle time in computers?
What unit is used to measure machine cycle time in computers?
Which of the following best describes clock speed?
Which of the following best describes clock speed?
Which term refers to the smallest form of data in a computer?
Which term refers to the smallest form of data in a computer?
Which type of memory is characterized as volatile?
Which type of memory is characterized as volatile?
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What is the primary purpose of the central processing unit (CPU) within a computer system?
What is the primary purpose of the central processing unit (CPU) within a computer system?
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What is the main purpose of memory in a computer system?
What is the main purpose of memory in a computer system?
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In the context of computer systems, what must be considered when selecting hardware components?
In the context of computer systems, what must be considered when selecting hardware components?
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What aspect of CPU architecture increases processing speed?
What aspect of CPU architecture increases processing speed?
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Which phase of instruction processing involves the CPU interpreting what action is required?
Which phase of instruction processing involves the CPU interpreting what action is required?
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Which type of RAM is faster and more efficient than traditional EDO?
Which type of RAM is faster and more efficient than traditional EDO?
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Which of the following best describes primary storage in a computer system?
Which of the following best describes primary storage in a computer system?
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How is memory access time commonly measured?
How is memory access time commonly measured?
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Which component of the computer system is primarily responsible for retrieving data from storage and sending it to the CPU?
Which component of the computer system is primarily responsible for retrieving data from storage and sending it to the CPU?
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What information do bus lines in a computer provide?
What information do bus lines in a computer provide?
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Which of the following is true regarding microcode in a CPU?
Which of the following is true regarding microcode in a CPU?
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What is the role of secondary storage in a computer system?
What is the role of secondary storage in a computer system?
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What does the 'Execute' phase of CPU instruction processing involve?
What does the 'Execute' phase of CPU instruction processing involve?
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When assessing hardware, what aspects of input and output devices should be considered?
When assessing hardware, what aspects of input and output devices should be considered?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the main components of a computer system?
Which of the following is NOT one of the main components of a computer system?
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What characterizes the execution of instructions in a CPU?
What characterizes the execution of instructions in a CPU?
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Which of the following accurately describes the volatility of RAM?
Which of the following accurately describes the volatility of RAM?
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Which of the following statements about ROM technology is correct?
Which of the following statements about ROM technology is correct?
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What is the primary use of RAM in computer systems?
What is the primary use of RAM in computer systems?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of RAM?
Which of the following is NOT a type of RAM?
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How is data typically accessed from secondary storage?
How is data typically accessed from secondary storage?
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Which feature distinguishes DRAM from SRAM?
Which feature distinguishes DRAM from SRAM?
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Which characteristic of ROM makes it suitable for storing system-critical data?
Which characteristic of ROM makes it suitable for storing system-critical data?
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Which RAM technology is newest and provides the highest performance?
Which RAM technology is newest and provides the highest performance?
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What type of memory is primarily used for booting processes in computers?
What type of memory is primarily used for booting processes in computers?
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Which statement about the modification capabilities of EEPROM is true?
Which statement about the modification capabilities of EEPROM is true?
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What distinguishes direct access storage devices (DASDs) from sequential access storage devices (SASD)?
What distinguishes direct access storage devices (DASDs) from sequential access storage devices (SASD)?
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Which level of cache is the largest and shared across multiple CPU cores?
Which level of cache is the largest and shared across multiple CPU cores?
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What is the primary function of cache memory?
What is the primary function of cache memory?
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Why is efficient data input and output essential for organizations?
Why is efficient data input and output essential for organizations?
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What characteristics are associated with L1 Cache?
What characteristics are associated with L1 Cache?
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When selecting input and output devices for a computer system, which factor is NOT typically considered?
When selecting input and output devices for a computer system, which factor is NOT typically considered?
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What is a key advantage of using cache memory in computing systems?
What is a key advantage of using cache memory in computing systems?
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In what ways can input and output devices impact an organization's efficiency?
In what ways can input and output devices impact an organization's efficiency?
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Which statement about cache memory is false?
Which statement about cache memory is false?
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What differentiates L2 and L3 cache in terms of accessibility?
What differentiates L2 and L3 cache in terms of accessibility?
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Study Notes
Fundamentals of Information Systems - Lecture 3
- Course: Fundamentals of Information Systems (FIS104)
- Stage: One, Semester One
- Lecturer: Kurdistan Wns Hama Ali
- Date: 2024-2025
Hardware: Input, Processing, and Output Devices
- Computer systems comprise various components working together
- Key components include Central Processing Unit (CPU), primary storage (main memory), secondary storage, input devices, and output devices
- CPU retrieves instructions from memory, decodes them, executes actions, and stores results.
- Primary storage temporarily holds data and instructions for immediate processing.
- Secondary storage provides long-term storage of data.
- Input devices allow data entry (e.g., keyboard, mouse, microphone)
- Output devices display and send results (e.g., monitor, printer, speakers)
Principles and Learning Objectives
- Choosing computer devices should consider current and future organizational needs
- Central processing and memory devices' speed, power, and capacity should be addressed
- Secondary storage devices' access methods, capacity, and portability require evaluation
- Input and output devices' speed, functionality, and importance must be considered for the system
Computer Systems Components
- CPU is the central processing unit.
- Primary storage, or main memory (memory).
- Secondary storage—long-term storage.
- Input devices accept data.
- Output devices provide results.
Computer Systems Components (Continued)
- Input unit takes data from devices and sends it to the processor.
- Control unit manages the computer system's actions.
- Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs calculations and logic operations.
- Output unit presents processed data to user
- Main memory temporarily stores data and instructions currently being used.
- Secondary storage is for long-term data storage.
Computer Systems Components (Further Details)
- CPU instruction processing stages:
- Fetch: retrieving instructions from memory
- Decode: interpreting instructions for actions
- Execute: performing the instruction (e.g., calculations)
- Store: saving results back to memory
Functioning of CPU
- Fetch instructions from memory
- Decode instructions
- Execute instructions
- Store results in memory
Processing Characteristics and Functions
- Machine cycle time is measured in microseconds, nanoseconds, picoseconds, or Millions of Instructions Per Second (MIPS)
- Clock speed, measured in Hertz (Hz), Megahertz (MHz), and Gigahertz (GHz), affects a computer's processing speed.
- Microcode: internal predefined operations in a CPU
Clock Speed
- Clock speed (frequency) measures how many cycles per second. A higher clock speed usually means faster processing.
Word Length and Bus Line Width Characteristics
- Bits (binary digits) are the smallest form of data in a computer.
- Word: a group of related bits.
- Bus lines are electrical paths for data flow
Physical Characteristics of the CPU
- Digital circuits on chips
- Current flows through silicon circuits
Memory
- Primary storage (memory) is physically close to the CPU
- It temporarily holds instructions and data before and after processing.
- Memory access times are measured in milliseconds.
- Modern memory access times have increased but not quite as quickly as processors.
Storage Capacity
- Units including bits, bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes, petabytes, exabytes, zettabytes, and other memory measurement units are used in computer storage.
Types of Computer Memory
-
Primary memory categories:
- Volatile (e.g., RAM, data lost without power)
- Non-volatile (e.g., ROM, data retained without power)
-
Secondary memory types include:
- Hard disks, magnetic tapes, optical disks, flash memory
Types of Primary Memory - RAM
- EDO (Extended Data Output) RAM
- DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
- SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)
- DDR (Double Data Rate SDRAM)
- Modern RAM versions (DDR4, DDR5) have improved speed, efficiency, and capacity
Types of Primary Memory - ROM
- PROM (programmable ROM)
- EPROM (erasable PROM)
- EEPROM (electrically erasable PROM)
Difference Between RAM & ROM
- RAM: volatile, read/write, temporary storage, for active use, fast
- ROM: non-volatile, read-only, permanent storage, for instructions, relatively slow
Secondary Storage – Access Methods
- Sequential: retrieving records in order
- Direct: retrieving records regardless of sequence
Classification of Commonly Used Secondary Storage Devices
- Sequential storage devices (e.g., magnetic tape)
- Direct storage devices (e.g., hard disks, optical disks, flash memory)
Cache Memory
- Ultra-fast volatile memory within or near CPU
- Holds frequently used data and instructions for faster access
- Includes multiple levels (L1, L2, L3) with varying speeds and sizes
Input and Output Devices
- Devices enabling data input to and output from a computer
- Including various types (keyboard, mouse, monitor, printers, etc)
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts from Lecture 3 of the Fundamentals of Information Systems course, focusing on hardware components such as input, processing, and output devices. It highlights the roles of the Central Processing Unit, storage types, and how data is managed within computer systems. Test your understanding of these essential topics in computer architecture!
