Fundamentals of Immunology - Humoral Immunity

B cells produce antibodies.

The three stages are maturation, activation, and proliferation & differentiation.

<p>The two pathways are T cell-independent and T cell-dependent activation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Major Histocompatibility Complex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytokines are small signaling molecules secreted by cells of the immune system. They regulate various immune responses, including B cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasma cells are antibody-secreting factories, dedicated to producing large quantities of antibodies. Memory B cells, on the other hand, are long-lived and retain the capacity to rapidly proliferate and differentiate into antibody-producing plasma cells upon re-encountering the same antigen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Class switching allows B cells to produce different classes of antibodies with the same antigen specificity. This provides a broader immune response against a wide range of pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgG (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibodies contribute to immunity by preventing pathogens from entering or damaging cells, stimulating the removal of pathogens, and triggering the destruction of pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Fab region of an antibody binds to specific epitopes on antigens, enabling the antibody to target and neutralize specific pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A part of adaptive immunity mediated by antibodies produced by B cells.

White blood cells that mature in the bone marrow and are key players in humoral immunity.

Activated B cells that produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies.

B cells that remain after an infection to provide long-term immunity by remembering pathogens.

The process where B cells are triggered to produce antibodies upon interaction with an antigen.

Antigen-specific receptors on B cells that bind to specific pathogens, activating B cells.

B cell activation that does not require T cell help, usually by polysaccharides or other non-proteins.

B cell activation requiring T cells to assist, often through antigen processing and MHC presentation.

Signaling proteins secreted by T cells that play roles in activating B cells and promoting proliferation.

Process where plasma cells change the type of antibody they produce, adapting to combat infections.

First antibody produced during a primary immune response, exists as a pentamer.

Most abundant antibody in serum, effective at neutralizing pathogens and opsonization.

Found in mucosal areas and body secretions, important for mucosal immunity.

Involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasites, present on mast cells.

Found on the surface of B cells, functions as a receptor for antigen recognition.

Function of antibodies to block pathogen attachment and inhibit its infectivity.

The process where antibodies make pathogens more recognizable to phagocytes, enhancing phagocytosis.

Clumping of pathogens caused by antibodies, making them easier for the immune system to target.

Mechanism where antibodies bind to larger pathogens, aiding their destruction by NK cells.

Composed of heavy and light chains, forming a Y-shape, with sites for antigen binding.

The part of the antibody that binds to the antigen, crucial for specificity.

Part of the antibody that interacts with immune cells and activates complement pathways.

The process where antibodies trigger a series of proteins that help clear pathogens from an organism.

The coordination between a B cell and a helper T cell that recognize the same antigen.

Initial response of the immune system when exposed to a new pathogen, primarily involves IgM production.

Faster and more efficient response upon re-exposure to the same pathogen primarily involving IgG.

A class of proteins that includes antibodies; critical for immune function.

Part of the immune system that is specific and has memory for recognizing pathogens.