Fundamentals of Chemistry: Atoms and Elements

<p>Electron organization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are atoms of the same element with different neutron counts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Based on their atomic mass (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The concentration of a substance in moles per liter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Moles quantify amount of substance, while molarity measures concentration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6 mol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5 mol/L (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Moles measure total amount, while molarity relates to the ratio of moles per volume. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of protons in the element (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>18.02 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atomic mass is always greater than atomic number (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of particles in one mole of any substance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They represent elements with similar properties (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amount (in grams) / relative molecular mass (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They contain different numbers of protons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>44.01 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 mole of solute per 1 liter of solvent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have similar chemical properties. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase the molecules' stability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrons exist in specific regions called orbitals within shells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A group of equivalent orbitals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3rd shell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrons in filled shells closest to the nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of valence electrons for the element (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By having filled s and p orbitals for their valence electrons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1s22s22p5 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The valence electrons of an element (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shells closest to the nucleus fill first (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filled outer p orbitals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greater number of protons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electronegativity differences indicate bond polarity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of valence electrons it contains (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases due to increased electron shielding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It relates molecular mass to the number of moles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The atom is chemically inert (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are related to the arrangement of electrons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Atoms consist of a central nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by orbiting electrons.

Positively charged particle found in the atom's nucleus.

Neutral particle found in the atom's nucleus.

Negatively charged particle orbiting the atom's nucleus.

Atoms with a specific number of protons.

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

A unit of measurement for atomic mass, where both protons and neutrons are 1 amu.

An atom with an equal number of protons and electrons, resulting in a net charge of zero.

A unit of the amount of a substance.

A unit of concentration, equal to moles of solute per liter of solution.

Mole measures the amount of substance, while Molarity measures the concentration of the substance. This is a critical distinction.

Molarity is expressed as moles per liter (mol/L), conventionally written as 'M'.

Shows the reactants and products in a chemical reaction, including their mole ratios.

The mass of an atom, equal to the sum of the protons and neutrons in the atom's nucleus.

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule.

A unit of measure representing 6.02 x 10^23 particles of a substance.

6.02 x 10^23, the number of particles in a mole.

The ratio of the mass of a molecule to the mass of 1/12th of a carbon-12 atom.

A table that organizes elements by atomic number and properties.

A group of equivalent orbitals within a shell, such as the 2s and 2p subshells in the second shell.

The arrangement of electrons in the shells and subshells of an atom, like 1s22s22p6 for Helium.

Electrons fill shells closest to the nucleus first as these shells have lower energy levels.

Electrons in the filled inner shells closest to the nucleus, not involved in chemical reactions.

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom, involved in chemical reactions.

A simple representation showing only the valence electrons of an atom as dots around the element's symbol.

The group number in the periodic table corresponds to the number of valence electrons for an element.

Atoms tend to gain or lose electrons to achieve a stable configuration with eight valence electrons (a filled s and p subshells).

Noble gases are extremely stable due to having a full outer shell of electrons, specifically filled p orbitals.

Alkali metals are highly reactive because they have only one electron in their outer shell, readily losing it to achieve a stable configuration.

Halogens readily gain one electron to complete their outer shell, making them highly reactive.

The measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons towards itself in a chemical bond.

Electronegativity increases across a period and decreases down a group in the periodic table.

Electronegativity difference between atoms determines bond type: non-polar covalent (similar), polar covalent (different), or ionic (large difference).

The atomic number indicates the number of protons in an atom's nucleus, which determines the element.

Valence electrons are the outermost electrons, involved in chemical bonding and determining an element's reactivity.

The amount of solute dissolved in a liter of solution, expressed in moles per liter (mol/L).

The three main subatomic particles are protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons reside in the nucleus and carry a positive charge. Neutrons are also in the nucleus and are neutral in charge. Electrons orbit the nucleus and carry a negative charge.

Electron shells are energy levels surrounding the nucleus. Each shell can hold a specific number of electrons. Within a shell, there are sub-shells called orbitals, which are regions of space where electrons are most likely to be found. The number of orbitals in each shell increases as you move further from the nucleus.

Each orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons, but these 2 electrons must have opposite spins.

An element's reactivity is determined by the number and arrangement of its electrons, specifically its valence electrons (the electrons in the outermost shell). Elements tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a stable configuration, often following the octet rule (8 valence electrons).