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Questions and Answers
What is the primary concern during blood transfusions regarding the interaction between the donor's and receiver's antigens and antibodies?
What is the term for the process by which white blood cells enter the circulation?
What is the normal range of platelets in the blood?
What is the primary function of white blood cells?
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What is the term for the process by which platelets form a plug to stop bleeding?
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What is the percentage of white blood cells that are involved in the immune response?
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What is the universal receiver blood group?
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What is the function of platelets in the blood clotting process?
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What is the term for the process by which the blood vessels constrict to stop bleeding?
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What is the primary site of production for white blood cells?
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Study Notes
Fundamentals of Biology
- Anatomy: study of structure and location of body parts
- Gross anatomy: study of external body structures
- Regional anatomy: study of specific body regions
- Systemic anatomy: study of body systems
- Developmental anatomy: study of embryology
- Histology: study of tissues
- Physiology: study of functions and mechanisms of living organisms
- Cardiophysiology: study of heart functions
- Neurophysiology: study of nerve functions
- Reproductive physiology: study of reproductive system functions
Levels of Structure
- Chemical level: atoms and molecules
- Atoms: smallest units of matter
- Molecules: two or more atoms joined together
- Essential atoms for life: C, H, O, N, P, Ca, S
- Cellular level: cells
- Basic structural and functional units of an organism
- Many different types of cells in the body
- Muscle cells, nerve cells, epithelial cells, etc.
- Tissue level: groups of similar cells working together
- Four basic types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
- Organ level: composed of two or more different types of tissues
- Specific functions and recognizable shape
- Organ system level: composed of multiple organs working together
- Examples: blood and immune system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, etc.
Characteristics of Human Body
- Metabolism: all chemical processes occurring in the body
- Conversion of food to energy
- Conversion of food to building blocks for proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates
- Elimination of nitrogenous wastes
- Growth: increasing in size and number of cells
- Movement: voluntary and involuntary movements
- Conductivity and irritability: ability to receive stimuli and respond
- Reproduction: asexual and sexual reproduction
- Excretion: elimination of waste products
- Homeostasis: maintenance of internal environment
Homeostasis
- Control center: detects deviation from setpoint and sends signals to effectors
- Effectors: implement responses to restore setpoint
- Negative feedback systems: reverse changes in controlled conditions
- Positive feedback systems: strengthen or reinforce changes in controlled conditions
Blood Composition and Function
- Blood: connective tissue with cells scattered in an extracellular matrix
- Transports: respiratory gases, nutrients, metabolic wastes, hormones
- Involved in immunity: recognizes and destroys micro-organisms and foreign molecules
- Composition: plasma (55%), white blood cells and platelets (1%), red blood cells (44%)
- Plasma proteins: albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
- Red blood cells: produced in bone marrow, 4.8/5.4 x 10^6/µL blood, hematocrit 42/47%
Anemia
- Decreased red blood cell production or destruction
- Causes: blood loss, decreased production, sequestration, bone marrow damage, kidney damage, iron deficiency, B12 deficiency, thalassemia
- Symptoms: fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath
Blood Types
- Antigens: surface molecular structures that trigger an immune response
- Antibodies: proteins produced by immune system to bind to specific antigens
- Rh system: presence or absence of antigen D
- Blood transfusions: must be iso-group and iso-Rh, group O universal donor, group AB universal receiver
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of biology, including definitions of anatomy and different types of anatomy such as gross anatomy, surface anatomy, regional anatomy, and systemic anatomy.
