Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the two parameters that govern drug absorption in the BCS classification?
What are the two parameters that govern drug absorption in the BCS classification?
- Molecular weight and pH level
- Solubility and permeability (correct)
- Distribution and elimination
- Chemical stability and formulation type
Why is dissolution testing significant in drug product development?
Why is dissolution testing significant in drug product development?
- To measure the drug's potency
- To assess the safety of the drug
- To determine the drug's shelf life
- To evaluate the release rate of a drug (correct)
What is the difference between absolute bioavailability and relative bioavailability?
What is the difference between absolute bioavailability and relative bioavailability?
- Absolute bioavailability measures systemic exposure compared to an intravenous administration, while relative bioavailability is compared to a standard formulation. (correct)
- Absolute bioavailability is specific to injectable drugs, and relative bioavailability is for oral doses only.
- Absolute bioavailability refers to the total dose of a drug, and relative bioavailability refers only to oral doses.
- Absolute bioavailability is the bioavailability in humans, and relative bioavailability is for animal studies.
Which factors affect drug absorption and bioavailability?
Which factors affect drug absorption and bioavailability?
What is a characteristic feature of USP dissolution studies?
What is a characteristic feature of USP dissolution studies?
What is the percentage of bioavailability for drugs administered via the intravenous route?
What is the percentage of bioavailability for drugs administered via the intravenous route?
What must occur for any drug administered via routes other than intravenous to enter the bloodstream?
What must occur for any drug administered via routes other than intravenous to enter the bloodstream?
Which of the following best describes absolute bioavailability?
Which of the following best describes absolute bioavailability?
If a drug administered orally has a bioavailability of 80%, what does this indicate?
If a drug administered orally has a bioavailability of 80%, what does this indicate?
What does an increase in absorption imply regarding drug bioavailability?
What does an increase in absorption imply regarding drug bioavailability?
What is required by the U.S. FDA to control the quality of pharmaceutical products?
What is required by the U.S. FDA to control the quality of pharmaceutical products?
Which of the following parameters is NOT specified in the USP drug monographs for dissolution analysis?
Which of the following parameters is NOT specified in the USP drug monographs for dissolution analysis?
What is the significance of measuring the time for 75% of the labeled amount of drug to dissolve according to USP guidelines?
What is the significance of measuring the time for 75% of the labeled amount of drug to dissolve according to USP guidelines?
What type of apparatus uses a rotating basket during the dissolution testing process?
What type of apparatus uses a rotating basket during the dissolution testing process?
Which class of drugs typically has low solubility and low permeability?
Which class of drugs typically has low solubility and low permeability?
What mechanism do most drugs use to permeate biological membranes?
What mechanism do most drugs use to permeate biological membranes?
What condition must the dissolution medium be kept at during testing?
What condition must the dissolution medium be kept at during testing?
What role does a drug's ability to partition into a lipophilic membrane environment play?
What role does a drug's ability to partition into a lipophilic membrane environment play?
What is a key characteristic of facilitated diffusion?
What is a key characteristic of facilitated diffusion?
How does active transport differ from facilitated diffusion?
How does active transport differ from facilitated diffusion?
What is the role of the Caco-2 monolayer in studying drug permeation?
What is the role of the Caco-2 monolayer in studying drug permeation?
Which statement is true regarding the factors affecting oral bioavailability?
Which statement is true regarding the factors affecting oral bioavailability?
What indicates successful formation of a Caco-2 monolayer?
What indicates successful formation of a Caco-2 monolayer?
Which concept describes the competitive inhibition related to membrane transporters?
Which concept describes the competitive inhibition related to membrane transporters?
During active transport, which of the following is necessary?
During active transport, which of the following is necessary?
What happens when the integrity of the Caco-2 monolayer is compromised?
What happens when the integrity of the Caco-2 monolayer is compromised?
What is the maximum number of hydrogen-bond donors according to Lipinski's Rule of Five for good oral absorption?
What is the maximum number of hydrogen-bond donors according to Lipinski's Rule of Five for good oral absorption?
Which of the following factors does not predict a compound's pharmacological activity according to Lipinski's Rule of Five?
Which of the following factors does not predict a compound's pharmacological activity according to Lipinski's Rule of Five?
What role do excipients play in drug absorption?
What role do excipients play in drug absorption?
According to Lipinski's Rule of Five, what is the limit for hydrogen-bond acceptors?
According to Lipinski's Rule of Five, what is the limit for hydrogen-bond acceptors?
What is the maximum molecular weight suggested by Lipinski's Rule of Five to ensure good oral absorption?
What is the maximum molecular weight suggested by Lipinski's Rule of Five to ensure good oral absorption?
Which of the following does NOT represent a common type of drug based on the content?
Which of the following does NOT represent a common type of drug based on the content?
What is one key purpose of dissolution testing in drug product development?
What is one key purpose of dissolution testing in drug product development?
Which of the following describes a scenario where excipients could modify drug absorption?
Which of the following describes a scenario where excipients could modify drug absorption?
What is a key concern when using sustained release formulations in relation to alcohol intake?
What is a key concern when using sustained release formulations in relation to alcohol intake?
What technology is employed in Meltrex Technology for controlled release formulations?
What technology is employed in Meltrex Technology for controlled release formulations?
What primary disadvantage is associated with matrix devices in drug release?
What primary disadvantage is associated with matrix devices in drug release?
Which statement about the Meltrex Technology is true?
Which statement about the Meltrex Technology is true?
In the context of drug release, what is essential to achieve zero order release from matrix devices?
In the context of drug release, what is essential to achieve zero order release from matrix devices?
What is a potential consequence of breaching the release control barrier in sustained release formulations?
What is a potential consequence of breaching the release control barrier in sustained release formulations?
What is the main method of drug absorption that requires no energy?
What is the main method of drug absorption that requires no energy?
Which of the following best describes the scalability of Meltrex Technology?
Which of the following best describes the scalability of Meltrex Technology?
What is the main factor that determines the release rate of drug molecules in a diffusion-controlled release formulation?
What is the main factor that determines the release rate of drug molecules in a diffusion-controlled release formulation?
Which parameter is NOT necessary to maintain for a constant drug release rate from a reservoir device?
Which parameter is NOT necessary to maintain for a constant drug release rate from a reservoir device?
What role does the polymer material play in a reservoir diffusion system?
What role does the polymer material play in a reservoir diffusion system?
Which of the following factors does NOT affect the release rate of a drug from a reservoir device?
Which of the following factors does NOT affect the release rate of a drug from a reservoir device?
What equation describes the release rate of a drug from a diffusion-controlled release formulation?
What equation describes the release rate of a drug from a diffusion-controlled release formulation?
In a matrix diffusion system, what primarily influences drug release?
In a matrix diffusion system, what primarily influences drug release?
What is one reason why a combination of dissolution and diffusion may occur in microencapsulated material?
What is one reason why a combination of dissolution and diffusion may occur in microencapsulated material?
How is the partition coefficient significant in the context of diffusion-controlled release formulations?
How is the partition coefficient significant in the context of diffusion-controlled release formulations?
What is the primary function of cholestyramine in pharmaceuticals?
What is the primary function of cholestyramine in pharmaceuticals?
Which statement accurately describes the action of osmotic controlled delivery systems?
Which statement accurately describes the action of osmotic controlled delivery systems?
What determines the volume flow of water into the core of an osmotic system?
What determines the volume flow of water into the core of an osmotic system?
Which of the following is a cation exchange resin mentioned?
Which of the following is a cation exchange resin mentioned?
What factor is crucial to ensuring that the hydrostatic pressure difference is minimized in an osmotic system?
What factor is crucial to ensuring that the hydrostatic pressure difference is minimized in an osmotic system?
What is colestipol primarily used for?
What is colestipol primarily used for?
Which property is associated with osmotic delivery systems?
Which property is associated with osmotic delivery systems?
What parameter is NOT included in the equation for volume flow of water into the core of an osmotic system?
What parameter is NOT included in the equation for volume flow of water into the core of an osmotic system?
What is the primary function of the push layer in the trilayer core of Concerta®?
What is the primary function of the push layer in the trilayer core of Concerta®?
Which statement accurately describes the initial release of methylphenidate in Concerta®?
Which statement accurately describes the initial release of methylphenidate in Concerta®?
What is a benefit of gastroretentive drug delivery systems?
What is a benefit of gastroretentive drug delivery systems?
Which type of drug is most appropriate for use in gastroretentive drug delivery systems?
Which type of drug is most appropriate for use in gastroretentive drug delivery systems?
What characteristic is essential for the orifice of Concerta® to function properly?
What characteristic is essential for the orifice of Concerta® to function properly?
How does the average gastrointestinal transit time impact drug release from gastroretentive systems?
How does the average gastrointestinal transit time impact drug release from gastroretentive systems?
Why are certain drugs selected for gastroretentive delivery systems?
Why are certain drugs selected for gastroretentive delivery systems?
What role does water play in the drug release mechanism of Concerta®?
What role does water play in the drug release mechanism of Concerta®?
Which type of gastroretentive system uses polymers that adhere to the stomach lining?
Which type of gastroretentive system uses polymers that adhere to the stomach lining?
Which mechanism is least effective in increasing gastric residence time for drugs?
Which mechanism is least effective in increasing gastric residence time for drugs?
What is a key characteristic of size increasing gastroretentive systems?
What is a key characteristic of size increasing gastroretentive systems?
Which of the following substances is NOT suitable for gastroretentive DDS?
Which of the following substances is NOT suitable for gastroretentive DDS?
How do effervescent floating systems maintain their position in the stomach?
How do effervescent floating systems maintain their position in the stomach?
Which of the following describes an appropriate action to avoid premature emptying of a gastroretentive dosage form?
Which of the following describes an appropriate action to avoid premature emptying of a gastroretentive dosage form?
What is one of the components used in an effervescent floating system?
What is one of the components used in an effervescent floating system?
Which characteristic of a gastric retentive system enhances its ability to be cleared from the stomach after multiple uses?
Which characteristic of a gastric retentive system enhances its ability to be cleared from the stomach after multiple uses?
What is the primary advantage of using microencapsulation for drug delivery?
What is the primary advantage of using microencapsulation for drug delivery?
In the Noyes-Whitney equation, what does 'D' represent?
In the Noyes-Whitney equation, what does 'D' represent?
Which factor can be varied to control the rate of drug release in coated granules?
Which factor can be varied to control the rate of drug release in coated granules?
What is one key characteristic of microencapsulated particles?
What is one key characteristic of microencapsulated particles?
How does the composition of the coating material impact drug release?
How does the composition of the coating material impact drug release?
Which method utilizes oppositely charged aerosols for microencapsulation?
Which method utilizes oppositely charged aerosols for microencapsulation?
What characteristic of a tablet matrix primarily controls the rate of drug dissolution?
What characteristic of a tablet matrix primarily controls the rate of drug dissolution?
Which coating material is suitable for interfacial polymerization in microencapsulation?
Which coating material is suitable for interfacial polymerization in microencapsulation?
Which method can be used to control drug release by manipulating the effective porosity of a tablet?
Which method can be used to control drug release by manipulating the effective porosity of a tablet?
Which process is specifically associated with the use of low molecular weight lipids for coating?
Which process is specifically associated with the use of low molecular weight lipids for coating?
Which method of microencapsulation involves the dissolution of polymers in water or solvent?
Which method of microencapsulation involves the dissolution of polymers in water or solvent?
What primary factor influences the rate of penetration of dissolution fluid into a compressed tablet's matrix?
What primary factor influences the rate of penetration of dissolution fluid into a compressed tablet's matrix?
Which of the following processes does not use water soluble polymers for coating?
Which of the following processes does not use water soluble polymers for coating?
What is a key advantage of osmotic controlled delivery systems?
What is a key advantage of osmotic controlled delivery systems?
Which of the following parameters affects the release rate in osmotic systems?
Which of the following parameters affects the release rate in osmotic systems?
Which statement best describes the release mechanism of osmotic controlled delivery systems?
Which statement best describes the release mechanism of osmotic controlled delivery systems?
What is a characteristic feature of the Single-composition osmotic tablet (SCOT)?
What is a characteristic feature of the Single-composition osmotic tablet (SCOT)?
What factor influences the choice of membrane-forming polymers in osmotic systems?
What factor influences the choice of membrane-forming polymers in osmotic systems?
Which drug mentioned is an example of a self-emulsifying osmotic pump (SEOP)?
Which drug mentioned is an example of a self-emulsifying osmotic pump (SEOP)?
In osmotic delivery systems, the release rate is not affected by which of the following?
In osmotic delivery systems, the release rate is not affected by which of the following?
What characteristic of osmotic delivery systems allows for delayed release functionality?
What characteristic of osmotic delivery systems allows for delayed release functionality?
Which type of drugs are unsuitable for gastroretentive drug delivery systems?
Which type of drugs are unsuitable for gastroretentive drug delivery systems?
What is a common method to increase the gastric residence time of dosage forms?
What is a common method to increase the gastric residence time of dosage forms?
Which mechanism is employed in size increasing systems for gastroretentive drug delivery?
Which mechanism is employed in size increasing systems for gastroretentive drug delivery?
What characteristic should a gastroretentive system have to avoid accumulation in the stomach after multiple doses?
What characteristic should a gastroretentive system have to avoid accumulation in the stomach after multiple doses?
Which of the following materials is used in effervescent floating systems for gastroretentive drug delivery?
Which of the following materials is used in effervescent floating systems for gastroretentive drug delivery?
Which class of agents is commonly used in bioadhesive systems for gastroretentive formulations?
Which class of agents is commonly used in bioadhesive systems for gastroretentive formulations?
What is the main role of high density systems in gastroretentive drug delivery?
What is the main role of high density systems in gastroretentive drug delivery?
What happens to the dosage form when it is immersed in the buffer at 37ºC in effervescent floating systems?
What happens to the dosage form when it is immersed in the buffer at 37ºC in effervescent floating systems?
Which of the following polymers is NOT used as an enteric polymer?
Which of the following polymers is NOT used as an enteric polymer?
What is a key characteristic of controlled release drug delivery systems?
What is a key characteristic of controlled release drug delivery systems?
Which term is synonymous with both 'controlled release' and 'prolonged release'?
Which term is synonymous with both 'controlled release' and 'prolonged release'?
In a sustained release formulation, how is the initial dose typically administered?
In a sustained release formulation, how is the initial dose typically administered?
What distinguishes controlled release from sustained release dosages?
What distinguishes controlled release from sustained release dosages?
Which of the following statements about enteric coated tablets is true?
Which of the following statements about enteric coated tablets is true?
What kind of drug delivery does the term 'sustained release' imply?
What kind of drug delivery does the term 'sustained release' imply?
Why is controlled release considered advantageous?
Why is controlled release considered advantageous?
What is the primary component in the core of the Implanon implant?
What is the primary component in the core of the Implanon implant?
Which sterilization method uses dry, saturated steam under pressure?
Which sterilization method uses dry, saturated steam under pressure?
Which of the following accurately describes the Sterility Assurance Level (SAL)?
Which of the following accurately describes the Sterility Assurance Level (SAL)?
Which of the following methods is NOT a common sterilization method mentioned?
Which of the following methods is NOT a common sterilization method mentioned?
What is a key feature of the sterile filtration method?
What is a key feature of the sterile filtration method?
What is one primary characteristic of injectables compared to peroral routes?
What is one primary characteristic of injectables compared to peroral routes?
Which of the following best describes the openings in lymphatic capillaries?
Which of the following best describes the openings in lymphatic capillaries?
What is the primary challenge related to long-acting injectable formulations?
What is the primary challenge related to long-acting injectable formulations?
What effect do anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) have on pharmacokinetics?
What effect do anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) have on pharmacokinetics?
What is required for injections to ensure their quality?
What is required for injections to ensure their quality?
Which factor significantly complicates the formation of long-acting injectables?
Which factor significantly complicates the formation of long-acting injectables?
How do higher molecular weight molecules compare in diffusion through tissues?
How do higher molecular weight molecules compare in diffusion through tissues?
What is one of the major safety concerns for injectable formulations?
What is one of the major safety concerns for injectable formulations?
What does the necessity for sterile formulations imply for injectables?
What does the necessity for sterile formulations imply for injectables?
What is the typical osmolarity range for injections that are considered acceptable and non-irritating?
What is the typical osmolarity range for injections that are considered acceptable and non-irritating?
Which of the following buffers has a pKa value closest to 6.4?
Which of the following buffers has a pKa value closest to 6.4?
What is the role of sodium chloride in the formulation of injections?
What is the role of sodium chloride in the formulation of injections?
Which of the following statements about the use of preservatives in injections is correct?
Which of the following statements about the use of preservatives in injections is correct?
What is the function of buffer salts such as histidine or citrate in injection formulations?
What is the function of buffer salts such as histidine or citrate in injection formulations?
For a multidose injection container with a volume greater than 15 mL, what is the requirement regarding preservatives?
For a multidose injection container with a volume greater than 15 mL, what is the requirement regarding preservatives?
Which of the following is NOT a commonly used pH adjusting agent for injections?
Which of the following is NOT a commonly used pH adjusting agent for injections?
What is the maximum volume typically contained in a single-dose vial for injections?
What is the maximum volume typically contained in a single-dose vial for injections?
Which of the following small molecules is commonly used to modify tonicity in injections?
Which of the following small molecules is commonly used to modify tonicity in injections?
Which buffered condition is associated with a pKa of 7.2?
Which buffered condition is associated with a pKa of 7.2?
What is the primary reason for the high cost of production associated with parenteral drug delivery?
What is the primary reason for the high cost of production associated with parenteral drug delivery?
Which of the following administration routes typically has the least stringent requirements?
Which of the following administration routes typically has the least stringent requirements?
What type of parenteral preparation involves administering sterile solutions over an extended period?
What type of parenteral preparation involves administering sterile solutions over an extended period?
In the context of parenterals, what is the role of excipients?
In the context of parenterals, what is the role of excipients?
Which of the following is NOT a type of parenteral preparation?
Which of the following is NOT a type of parenteral preparation?
Which parameter is crucial for the administration of intravenous (IV) drugs?
Which parameter is crucial for the administration of intravenous (IV) drugs?
How is sterility typically achieved in the production of parenteral products?
How is sterility typically achieved in the production of parenteral products?
What does the volume of distribution indicate about a drug?
What does the volume of distribution indicate about a drug?
Which administration route accounts for the highest percentage of drug administration according to the given content?
Which administration route accounts for the highest percentage of drug administration according to the given content?
What is a characteristic difference between MyocetTM and DoxilTM formulations?
What is a characteristic difference between MyocetTM and DoxilTM formulations?
What is the primary significance of IV injections in pharmacokinetics?
What is the primary significance of IV injections in pharmacokinetics?
Which factor contributes to the higher tolerance of SC/IM regarding specifically mentioned solutions?
Which factor contributes to the higher tolerance of SC/IM regarding specifically mentioned solutions?
What type of drug administration is most commonly linked with a 35% presence according to the data presented?
What type of drug administration is most commonly linked with a 35% presence according to the data presented?
Which statement about liposomes is correct based on the content?
Which statement about liposomes is correct based on the content?
How do SC/IM routes handle pH variations compared to other routes?
How do SC/IM routes handle pH variations compared to other routes?
What percentage of drug administration routes is represented by oral administration?
What percentage of drug administration routes is represented by oral administration?
Which parenteral administration method typically requires stricter sterility requirements?
Which parenteral administration method typically requires stricter sterility requirements?
What is a common reason for the high production cost of parenteral drug delivery systems?
What is a common reason for the high production cost of parenteral drug delivery systems?
What types of formulations can be delivered using parenteral preparations?
What types of formulations can be delivered using parenteral preparations?
What role do excipients play in injectable formulations?
What role do excipients play in injectable formulations?
Which administration site generally allows for a slower onset of action compared to intravenous injections?
Which administration site generally allows for a slower onset of action compared to intravenous injections?
What is a potential use of depot formulations in parenteral drug delivery?
What is a potential use of depot formulations in parenteral drug delivery?
Which statement accurately describes a characteristic of parenteral drug delivery?
Which statement accurately describes a characteristic of parenteral drug delivery?
What does the term 'volume of distribution' in pharmacokinetics indicate?
What does the term 'volume of distribution' in pharmacokinetics indicate?
Which administration route has the highest percentage of usage in biologics?
Which administration route has the highest percentage of usage in biologics?
What differentiates MyocetTM from DoxilTM in terms of doxorubicin?
What differentiates MyocetTM from DoxilTM in terms of doxorubicin?
What type of injection is commonly used to determine the volume of distribution?
What type of injection is commonly used to determine the volume of distribution?
What is a primary characteristic of Implants in pharmaceutical applications?
What is a primary characteristic of Implants in pharmaceutical applications?
Which of the following does NOT represent a factor with much higher tolerance in SC/IM routes?
Which of the following does NOT represent a factor with much higher tolerance in SC/IM routes?
What percentage of intramuscular injections is related to biologics?
What percentage of intramuscular injections is related to biologics?
What does the Sterility Assurance Level (SAL) signify in pharmaceutical sterilization?
What does the Sterility Assurance Level (SAL) signify in pharmaceutical sterilization?
In pharmacology, which factor primarily influences the choice of administration route for biologics?
In pharmacology, which factor primarily influences the choice of administration route for biologics?
Which of the following is NOT a common sterilization method?
Which of the following is NOT a common sterilization method?
Which formulation of doxorubicin is characterized by a significant amount of unbound drug?
Which formulation of doxorubicin is characterized by a significant amount of unbound drug?
What distinguishes the core composition of Implanon?
What distinguishes the core composition of Implanon?
Which injection type represents the least percentage of biologics administration routes?
Which injection type represents the least percentage of biologics administration routes?
What is the typical osmolarity range considered acceptable to avoid pain or irritation during injection?
What is the typical osmolarity range considered acceptable to avoid pain or irritation during injection?
Which pH adjusting agent is commonly used to increase acidity in aqueous solutions?
Which pH adjusting agent is commonly used to increase acidity in aqueous solutions?
What is the primary characteristic of a single dose vial compared to a multidose container?
What is the primary characteristic of a single dose vial compared to a multidose container?
Which of the following buffers has a pKA2 value closest to neutral pH?
Which of the following buffers has a pKA2 value closest to neutral pH?
In the context of injections, what is the primary purpose of adding tonicity agents like sodium chloride?
In the context of injections, what is the primary purpose of adding tonicity agents like sodium chloride?
Which component is not typically found in a multi-dose container?
Which component is not typically found in a multi-dose container?
What is the typical consequence of using a high concentration of dextrose as an excipient in injections?
What is the typical consequence of using a high concentration of dextrose as an excipient in injections?
Which of the following is considered a characteristic of buffered injections?
Which of the following is considered a characteristic of buffered injections?
What component can serve as an excipient to modify the physical properties of injections without being an active drug?
What component can serve as an excipient to modify the physical properties of injections without being an active drug?
What is one potential risk of not including a preservative in a multidose vial?
What is one potential risk of not including a preservative in a multidose vial?
Which excipient is primarily responsible for stabilizing insulin solutions?
Which excipient is primarily responsible for stabilizing insulin solutions?
What is the role of metacresol in insulin solutions?
What is the role of metacresol in insulin solutions?
Which of the following is used as a steric stabilizer in formulations?
Which of the following is used as a steric stabilizer in formulations?
In the formulation of antibody concentrates, which excipient is used as a pH buffer?
In the formulation of antibody concentrates, which excipient is used as a pH buffer?
What defines an infusion in pharmaceutical terms?
What defines an infusion in pharmaceutical terms?
Which excipient in insulin solutions is specifically used for tonicity?
Which excipient in insulin solutions is specifically used for tonicity?
What is a characteristic feature of powders for injections or infusions?
What is a characteristic feature of powders for injections or infusions?
Which ingredient is used in insulin formulations solely for pH adjustment?
Which ingredient is used in insulin formulations solely for pH adjustment?
What is true about the formulation of concentrates for injections or infusions?
What is true about the formulation of concentrates for injections or infusions?
Which of the following accurately describes the primary function of preservatives in pharmaceutical formulations?
Which of the following accurately describes the primary function of preservatives in pharmaceutical formulations?
Flashcards
Bioavailability
Bioavailability
The proportion of a drug that reaches the bloodstream after administration.
IV administration
IV administration
Drug administration directly into the bloodstream.
100% bioavailability
100% bioavailability
The entire administered drug enters the bloodstream without any loss.
BCS Class I Drug
BCS Class I Drug
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BCS Class II Drug
BCS Class II Drug
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BCS Class III Drug
BCS Class III Drug
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BCS Class IV Drug
BCS Class IV Drug
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Dissolution Testing
Dissolution Testing
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Caco-2 Monolayer
Caco-2 Monolayer
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Intestinal Mucosa
Intestinal Mucosa
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Transepithelial Electrical Resistance (TEER)
Transepithelial Electrical Resistance (TEER)
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Physiological Factors (Absorption)
Physiological Factors (Absorption)
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Drug Factors (Absorption)
Drug Factors (Absorption)
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Lipinski's Rule of Five
Lipinski's Rule of Five
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Excipient Effects
Excipient Effects
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Nanoparticle formulation
Nanoparticle formulation
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Formulation Strategies
Formulation Strategies
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Dose Dumping
Dose Dumping
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Controlled Release
Controlled Release
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Matrix Systems
Matrix Systems
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Osmotic Systems
Osmotic Systems
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Gastroretentive Systems
Gastroretentive Systems
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Enteric Polymers
Enteric Polymers
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Controlled Release Dosage Forms
Controlled Release Dosage Forms
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Sustained Release Dosage Forms
Sustained Release Dosage Forms
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Parenteral Drug Delivery
Parenteral Drug Delivery
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Intravenous (IV)
Intravenous (IV)
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Subcutaneous (SC)
Subcutaneous (SC)
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Intramuscular (IM)
Intramuscular (IM)
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Sterility Requirements
Sterility Requirements
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Depot Formulations
Depot Formulations
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Clean Room / Closed Process
Clean Room / Closed Process
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Lymphatic Capillaries
Lymphatic Capillaries
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Anti-Drug Antibodies (ADAs)
Anti-Drug Antibodies (ADAs)
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Pharmacokinetics Less Predictable
Pharmacokinetics Less Predictable
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Preclinical Evaluation
Preclinical Evaluation
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Injectables: Advantages
Injectables: Advantages
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Injectables: Disadvantages
Injectables: Disadvantages
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Water for Injections
Water for Injections
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Injections: Preparations
Injections: Preparations
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Clear Solutions
Clear Solutions
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Easy Redispersability
Easy Redispersability
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SC/IM Tolerance
SC/IM Tolerance
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Volume of Distribution (Vd)
Volume of Distribution (Vd)
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IV Injection: Vd Measurement
IV Injection: Vd Measurement
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Liposomes: Doxorubicin Delivery
Liposomes: Doxorubicin Delivery
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Conventional vs. Liposomal Doxorubicin
Conventional vs. Liposomal Doxorubicin
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DoxilTM: Limited Distribution
DoxilTM: Limited Distribution
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Biologics: Administration Routes
Biologics: Administration Routes
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Parenteral Administration Dominance
Parenteral Administration Dominance
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Oral Administration: Biologics
Oral Administration: Biologics
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Multi-dose Container
Multi-dose Container
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Single-dose Vial
Single-dose Vial
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Preservative
Preservative
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Tonicity
Tonicity
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Sodium Chloride
Sodium Chloride
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Buffer Salts
Buffer Salts
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pH
pH
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Buffered Conditions
Buffered Conditions
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pH Adjustment
pH Adjustment
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Implants
Implants
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Sterility Assurance Level (SAL)
Sterility Assurance Level (SAL)
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Sterilization Methods
Sterilization Methods
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Pyrogens
Pyrogens
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Moist Heat Sterilization
Moist Heat Sterilization
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Injection Sites
Injection Sites
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Excipient
Excipient
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Stabilization
Stabilization
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Surfactant
Surfactant
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Steric Stabilizer
Steric Stabilizer
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Antioxidant
Antioxidant
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Buffer
Buffer
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Vehicle
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Sterility
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Study Notes
Bioavailability Fundamentals
- Bioavailability is the proportion of a drug that reaches the bloodstream after administration.
- Intravenous (IV) administration results in 100% bioavailability as the drug enters the bloodstream directly.
- Other routes of administration involve absorption, where the drug must pass through barriers before reaching the bloodstream.
BCS Classification of Drugs
- Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) categorizes drugs based on their solubility and permeability.
- Class I Drugs: High solubility, high permeability, well-absorbed.
- Class II Drugs: Low solubility, high permeability, absorption rate limited by dissolution.
- Class III Drugs: High solubility, low permeability, absorption rate limited by membrane permeability.
- Class IV Drugs: Low solubility, low permeability, absorption rate limited by both factors.
In Vitro Dissolution Testing
- Dissolution Testing is a critical component of drug product development to ensure quality.
- USP (United States Pharmacopeia) provides detailed guidelines for conducting dissolution testing.
- Dissolution testing parameters:
- Dissolution medium type (pH, ionic strength)
- Apparatus type (rotating basket or paddle)
- Sampling time intervals
- Dissolution Test Objectives:
- Determine drug release kinetics
- Ensure consistency between batches of drug products
- Meet regulatory requirements.
USP-Approved Dissolution Apparatus
- Apparatus 1 (Rotating Basket): Rotates at specific rpm, suitable for harsh media.
- Apparatus 2 (Paddle): Rotates at specific rpm, suitable for harsh media.
Cell Culture Model for Permeation Studies
- Caco-2 Monolayer: Utilizes differentiated human colon adenocarcinoma cells to model drug permeation across the intestinal mucosa.
- Monolayer Characteristics:
- Resembles small intestinal cells with microvilli, transporter systems, and tight junctions.
- 15-21 days to form properly.
- Integrity Check:
- Non-permeation of a marker molecule or by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER).
Oral Bioavailability Factors
- Physiological Factors:
- pH variations in the gastrointestinal tract affect drug ionization and dissolution.
- Food consumption alters gastrointestinal motility and drug absorption.
- Drug Factors:
- Lipinski's Rule of Five: Predicts oral absorption based on drug properties.
- Molecular Weight: High molecular weight drugs may have poor absorption.
- LogP: High LogP values indicate high lipophilicity, potentially affecting membrane permeation.
- Excipient Effects:
- Excipients can modify drug absorption rates and extent.
- Diluents can affect drug dissolution.
- Lubricants can impact tablet disintegration.
- Disintegrants enhance drug dissolution.
Approaches for Improving Oral Bioavailability
- Formulation Strategies:
- Nanoparticle formulation
- Microsphere formulation
- Drug delivery systems
- Salt formation
- Prodrug development
Comparative Release from IR and CR Formulations
- Procainamide plasma concentrations are higher with slow-release tablets taken every 8 hours than with conventional tablets taken every 4 hours
Meltrex Technology® for Controlled Release
- A hot melt extrusion to tablet technology
- Suitable for pharmaceutical formulations because it is a solvent-free green formulation technology
- Well-established process in the polymer, food, and plastic industries
- In-line PAT can be used to monitor product quality
- Easily scalable
Alcohol Induced Dose Dumping
- Sustained-release formulations can be affected by the intake of alcohol, leading to "dose dumping".
- Dose dumping is when the integrity of the barrier controlling the release rate is breached, resulting in increased exposure to the active drug, possible safety issues, and changes in clinical efficacy.
Dissolution Controlled Formulations: Limitations
- A major disadvantage of matrix devices is that drug release rate continuously decreases with time due to increased diffusional distance and decreased surface area at the penetrating solvent front.
Diffusion Controlled Release Formulations
- It is a major process for absorption in which no energy is required.
- Drug molecules diffuse from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is attained.
- Release rate is directly proportional to the concentration gradient across the membrane.
- Release rate is determined by its diffusion through a water-insoluble polymer.
- Two types of diffusion devices:
- Reservoir diffusion system
- Matrix diffusion system
Diffusion Controlled Release Formulations: Reservoir Devices
- Drug is encased in a water-insoluble polymeric material.
- Drug will partition into the membrane and exchange with the surrounding fluid.
- The amount of drug released, the release rate dM/dt is given by the equation:
where: - A is the area - D is the diffusion coefficient - K is the partition coefficient of drug between the membrane and drug core - ℓ is the diffusional path length (thickness of coat in the ideal case) - C is the concentration difference across the membrane.dM/dt = ADK C/ ℓ
Diffusion CR Formulations: Reservoir Devices Preparation
- Drug containing cores in tablets
- Compression coating of drug cores
- Air suspension coating of drug pellets
- Drug particles: Microencapsulation of drug particles to be incorporated into tablets or capsules
Diffusion CR Formulations: Reservoir Devices Release Rate
- Several factors affect the release rate.
- Partition of drug between membrane and core
- Thickness of the coating
- Polymer ratio in the coating
- Hardness of microcapsules
Ion Exchange Resins
- Quaternary ammonium anion exchange resin
- Used in reducing blood cholesterol level
Osmotic Controlled Delivery Systems
- Osmotic pressure is the driving force that generates constant drug release.
- These systems are not affected by physiological factors such as type of food intake, gastric pH, and patient-to-patient variability.
- The delivery strategy and release profile can be customized to suit various APIs with a wide range of thermodynamic properties.
- Due to this uniqueness, osmotic systems have witnessed increasing interest and the number of marketed products has doubled in the past decades.
Osmotic Controlled Delivery Systems: Basic Principles
-
When exposed to water or body fluid, water will flow into the core due to an osmotic pressure difference across the coating membrane.
-
Under this osmotic pressure gradient, the volume flow of water into the core reservoir, dV/dt, is expressed as:
dV/dt = (Ak/h) ( - P)where: - A, k and h are the area, membrane permeability, and thickness, respectively - is the osmotic pressure difference - P is the hydrostatic pressure difference.
- If the orifice is sufficiently large, the hydrostatic pressure difference will be small compared to the osmotic pressure difference, and the equation becomes:
dV/dt = (Ak/h) - Drug is pumped out of the system through the orifice at a controlled rate, dM/dt which is equal to the volume flow rate of water into the core multiplied by the drug concentration, Cs.
Methylphenidate HCL Triple layer Osmotic Pump: Concerta®
- Osmotically active trilayer core surrounded by a semipermeable membrane with an immediate-release drug overcoat.
- The trilayer core is composed of two drug layers containing the drug and excipients, and a push layer containing osmotically active components.
- There is a precision-laser drilled orifice on the drug-layer end of the tablet.
- In an aqueous environment, the drug overcoat dissolves within one hour, providing an initial dose of methylphenidate.
- Water permeates through the membrane into the tablet core.
- As the osmotically active polymer excipients expand, methylphenidate is released through the orifice.
Gastroretentive Systems
- The maximum achievable sustained drug release is subject to inter-individual variations with an average gastrointestinal (GI) transit time of around 24 h in humans.
- Retention of oral dosage forms in the upper GIT causes prolonged contact time of drug with the GI mucosa, leading to higher bioavailability, therapeutic efficacy, reduced time intervals for drug administration, potentially reduced dose size, and thus improved patient compliance.
Gastroretentive Systems: Selection of APIs
- Gastroretentive DDSs exhibiting controlled drug release are significantly important for drugs that are:
- Acting locally in the stomach (e.g., antibiotics against Helicobacter Pylori, antacids and misoprostol)
- Absorbed incompletely due to a relatively narrow window of absorption in the GIT
- Unstable in the intestinal or colonic environment
- Exhibit low solubility at high pH values
Gastroretentive DDS, are not suitable for drugs that:
- May cause gastric lesions
- Are unstable in the strong acidic pH of the stomach
- Are absorbed throughout the gastrointestinal tract
Gastroretentive Systems: Types
- The most common approaches used to increase the gastric residence time of pharmaceutical dosage forms include:
- Co-administration of the DDS with pharmacological agents that slow gastric motility
- Bioadhesive systems
- Size increasing systems
- Density controlled systems
Gastroretentive Systems: Size increasing systems
- To facilitate swallowing, the dosage form should have an initially small size.
- Once in the stomach, the dosage forms should quickly increase in size to prevent premature emptying through the pylorus.
- To avoid accumulation following multiple administrations, the system should be cleared from the stomach after a predetermined time interval.
- The dosage form should have no effect on gastric motility or emptying process.
- The increase in the systems’ size can be based on several principles including expansion due to swellable excipients or unfolding and/ or shape modification (to complex geometric shapes) in the stomach.
Gastroretentive Systems: Effervescent Floating
- The inner layer of effervescent agents containing sodium bicarbonate and tartaric acid is divided into 2 sublayers to avoid direct contact between the 2 agents.
- These sublayers are surrounded by a swellable polymer membrane containing polyvinyl acetate and purified shellac.
- When this system is immersed in the buffer at 37ºC, it settles down and the solution permeates into the effervescent layer through the outer swellable membrane.
Enteric Polymers
- Enteric polymers are insoluble at a pH of 6 or below (stomach) but become soluble at a pH above 6 (intestine).
- The functional group ionizes at higher pH, allowing it to solubilize the polymer.
- Enteric coated tablets are coated with these polymers, preventing the drug from being released in the stomach.
- Common enteric polymers include Cellulose acetate phthalate, Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate, Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate-succinate, Polyvinyl acetate phthalate, and Methacrylic acid copolymers.
Controlled Release Dosage Forms
- The US Pharmacopoeia defines modified release dosage forms as those that release drugs at a controlled rate and location to achieve therapeutic objectives not offered by conventional dosage forms.
- Controlled release, prolonged release, sustained or slow release, and long-acting are synonymous terms for extended release.
Controlled Release Drug Delivery
- Focuses on delivering the drug at a predetermined rate over a defined period.
- It aims to achieve a constant drug release irrespective of the drug concentration, ideally with a zero-order release.
Sustained Release Dosage Forms
- Characterized by an initial immediate release (loading dose) to rapidly achieve therapeutic efficacy.
- Subsequent slow release (maintenance dose) maintains therapeutic levels for prolonged durations.
- It may or may not be controlled release, implying slow release but not necessarily constant.
Controlled Release Vs Immediate Release
- Consider MEC (Minimum Effective Concentration), MTC (Minimum Toxic Concentration), the therapeutic window, and drug half-life.
Reasons for Controlled Release
- To achieve sustained therapeutic effect.
- To reduce dosing frequency.
- To minimize side effects.
- To improve patient compliance.
- To target specific sites of action.
Drug Release Mechanisms
- Microencapsulated Particles/Coated Granules: The drug is compressed with a slowly dissolving carrier.
- Coating: Individual drug particles or granules are coated with a slow-dissolving material. This is done by varying the coating thickness and composition to control drug release rates.
- Matrix Systems: The drug is compressed into a tablet with a slowly dissolving matrix. This matrix controls the drug dissolution rate by regulating the rate at which the dissolution fluid penetrates the matrix.
- Osmotic Systems: Drug release rate is directly proportional to the osmotic pressure of the core formulation.
- SCOT (Single-Composition Osmotic Tablet): A single-layer osmotic pump with a porous membrane that accommodates a high drug load.
- SEOP (Self-Emulsifying Elementary Osmotic Pump): An osmotic pump that self-emulsifies in the gastrointestinal tract.
Advantages of Osmotic Controlled Delivery Systems
- Zero-order release
- Capability for pulsed or delayed release.
- Independent of gastric pH and physiological conditions.
- Release mechanism is independent of drug properties.
- High correlation between in vitro and in vivo performance.
Gastroretentive Systems
- Gastric retention systems increase the residence time of the drug in the stomach, enhancing drug absorption.
- Common approaches to achieve gastric retention include:
- Co-administration of pharmacological agents
- Bioadhesive systems
- Size increasing systems
- Density controlled systems
- Effervescent floating systems utilize effervescent agents and swellable polymer membranes to float in the stomach.
-
- Effervescent floating Systems: utilizes effervescent agents and swellable polymer membranes to float in the stomach.
- The outer layer of swellable polymer membrane surrounding the effervescent agents controls the release of gas, allowing the tablet to float in the stomach.
- The effervescent agent releases gas, causing the tablet to float.
Example Controlled Release Products
- Procardia XL (Nifedipine): An antihypertensive drug with a half-life of 2 hours. It is practically insoluble in water. Procardia XL utilizes a PPOS (Polymeric Osmotic Pump System) to control the release of Nifedipine.
- Tegretol® XR (Carbamazepine): An anticonvulsant drug with a half-life of 30 hours. It is poorly soluble in water. Tegretol® XR uses a SEOP (Self-Emulsifying Osmotic Pump) to control the release of Carbamazepine.
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Description
This quiz delves into the fundamental concepts of bioavailability and the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) of drugs. It covers the principles of drug absorption, various administration routes, and the classification of drugs based on solubility and permeability. Test your understanding of these critical pharmacological concepts.
