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Questions and Answers
Which of the following are types of prokaryotic microorganisms?
Which of the following are types of prokaryotic microorganisms?
Archaea possess peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
Archaea possess peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
False (B)
What is the primary method of reproduction in bacteria?
What is the primary method of reproduction in bacteria?
Binary fission
Yeasts are __________ microorganisms that are unicellular.
Yeasts are __________ microorganisms that are unicellular.
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Match the following types of microorganisms with their corresponding characteristics:
Match the following types of microorganisms with their corresponding characteristics:
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What term is used to describe parasitic flatworms and round worms?
What term is used to describe parasitic flatworms and round worms?
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The genus name in scientific nomenclature is always written in lowercase.
The genus name in scientific nomenclature is always written in lowercase.
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What are the two components of the scientific name of an organism?
What are the two components of the scientific name of an organism?
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_____ are used in gene therapy to replace missing or defective genes.
_____ are used in gene therapy to replace missing or defective genes.
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Match the following kingdoms with their characteristics:
Match the following kingdoms with their characteristics:
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What is the appearance of diplobacillus after division?
What is the appearance of diplobacillus after division?
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Most bacteria are pleomorphic, having different forms.
Most bacteria are pleomorphic, having different forms.
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Name one example of a bacterium that appears as diplococci.
Name one example of a bacterium that appears as diplococci.
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The bacterium that appears curved or comma-shaped is called a ______.
The bacterium that appears curved or comma-shaped is called a ______.
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Match the following bacterial shapes with their descriptions:
Match the following bacterial shapes with their descriptions:
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Which type of bacteria appears in chains after division?
Which type of bacteria appears in chains after division?
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A tetrad divides into three planes and remains in groups of four.
A tetrad divides into three planes and remains in groups of four.
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What is the average size of bacteria?
What is the average size of bacteria?
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What structure is generally responsible for the attachment of bacteria to surfaces?
What structure is generally responsible for the attachment of bacteria to surfaces?
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Gram-positive bacteria have a thinner cell wall compared to Gram-negative bacteria.
Gram-positive bacteria have a thinner cell wall compared to Gram-negative bacteria.
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What component of the atypical cell wall is found in acid-fast bacteria?
What component of the atypical cell wall is found in acid-fast bacteria?
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Gram-negative bacteria contain ____ in their outer membrane that can act as an endotoxin.
Gram-negative bacteria contain ____ in their outer membrane that can act as an endotoxin.
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Match the following types of bacteria with their cell wall characteristics:
Match the following types of bacteria with their cell wall characteristics:
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What role do flagella serve for bacteria?
What role do flagella serve for bacteria?
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What term describes the phenomenon where bacteria move toward or away from stimuli?
What term describes the phenomenon where bacteria move toward or away from stimuli?
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Study Notes
Fundamentals of Bacteriology and Bacterial Cell History
- Microbiology is the branch of biology focusing on microorganisms and their impact on other life forms.
- Abiogenesis is the theory that life can arise from non-living matter, but it is now disproven.
- John Needham's experiment supported abiogenesis but was later refuted by Lazzaro Spallanzani.
- Spallanzani boiled broth in sealed flasks, preventing microbial growth, disproving the spontaneous generation theory.
- Francesco Redi disproved spontaneous generation for larger organisms.
- The Golden Age of Microbiology (1857-1914) saw the discovery of microbes as disease agents, the development of treatments (like antiseptics), and advances in understanding immunology.
- Pasteur's work was fundamental in establishing microbiology as a science
- Robert Koch's postulates provide a framework for proving that a specific microbe causes a particular disease.
- Modern developments in microbiology include immunology and molecular techniques, like using microbes for vaccines and applying molecular genetics to study them.
Germ Theory of Disease
- The germ theory of disease proposes that infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms.
- Agostino Bassi and Ignaz Semmelweis made early contributions by demonstrating that fungi cause diseases and hygiene practices (hand washing) can drastically reduce infections.
- Louis Pasteur's work supported germ theory, showing microbes cause disease.
- Joseph Lister's aseptic technique further demonstrated the role of microbes in infections.
- Koch's postulates are critical for linking a microbe to a specific disease.
Types of Microorganisms, Nomenclature and Classification
- Pure microbiology involves the study of individual microorganisms.
- Bacteriology is the study of bacteria.
- Mycology is the study of fungi.
- Nematology focuses on nematodes.
- Parasitology considers parasites like worms and protozoa.
- Phycology is the study of algae.
- Protozoology studies protozoa.
- Virology is the field that deals with viruses.
Bacterial Cells: Structure, Metabolism, and Reproduction
- Bacteria are prokaryotic and have a different cellular structure than eukaryotes.
- Bacterial morphology includes different shapes (cocci, bacilli, spirilli).
- Bacterial arrangement styles show various patterns depending on division planes (e.g., diplococci, streptococci, staphylococci).
- Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Bacterial cells have important structures, like a cell wall and plasma membrane, and ribosomes.
- Bacterial reproduction often involves binary fission.
Bacterial Genetics
- Genetic exchange in bacteria includes transformation, transduction, and conjugation.
- Bacteria can acquire new genetic material by taking up DNA from their environment (transformation)
- Viruses (bacteriophages) can transfer bacterial DNA (transduction).
- Conjugation involves the direct transfer of DNA between bacteria.
- Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that can affect microorganism traits.
- Bacteria can alter their DNA through processes like mutations and recombination.
Advantages of Bacteria in Genetic Study
- Bacteria are ideal subjects to study genetics because they have short generation times, are easy to grow, large populations, and are often genetically similar within a culture.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the history and principles of bacteriology. Explore key experiments, theories, and notable figures that shaped the field, including the concepts of abiogenesis and spontaneous generation. Review the Golden Age of Microbiology and its significance in understanding diseases.
