Fundamental Concepts of Physics

Definitions: Study of matter, energy, and their interactions.
Branches of Physics:
- Classical Mechanics: Motion, forces, energy.
- Electromagnetism: Electric and magnetic fields, forces.
- Thermodynamics: Heat, energy transfer, systems.
- Quantum Mechanics: Behavior of matter and energy at atomic levels.
- Relativity: Effects of gravity and speed on time and space.

Newton's Laws of Motion:
- First: An object at rest stays at rest; a moving object continues moving unless acted upon.
- Second: Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma).
- Third: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Conservation Laws:
- Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
- Conservation of Momentum: Total momentum remains constant in an isolated system.
- Conservation of Mass: Mass is conserved in chemical reactions.
Thermodynamic Laws:
- Zeroth Law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are in equilibrium with each other.
- First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed (ΔU = Q - W).
- Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases.
- Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.

Force: A push or pull on an object measured in Newtons (N).
Energy: Ability to do work. Common forms include kinetic, potential, thermal, and chemical energy.
Work: Energy transferred by a force acting over a distance; calculated as W = F × d.
Power: Rate of doing work or transferring energy; calculated as P = W/t.

Kinematics:
- d = vt + (1/2)at² (displacement formula).
- v = u + at (velocity as a function of time).
Energy:
- Kinetic Energy (KE) = (1/2)mv².
- Potential Energy (PE) = mgh (gravitational) or (1/2)kx² (elastic).
Electromagnetism:
- Coulomb's Law: F = k(q₁q₂/r²).
- Ohm's Law: V = IR (voltage = current × resistance).

Physics is the study of matter, energy, and their interactions.
It encompasses various branches including classical mechanics, electromagnetism, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, and relativity.

Explores heat, energy transfer, and the behavior of systems at different temperatures.
Focuses on relationships between heat, work, and internal energy.
Key concepts include temperature, heat, work, entropy, and enthalpy.

Studies the behavior of matter and energy at the atomic and subatomic levels.
Concepts include quantized energy levels, wave-particle duality, and uncertainty principle.

Addresses the effects of gravity, acceleration, and high speeds on time, space, and matter.
Two key theories: special relativity (deals with constant motion) and general relativity (deals with gravity).

First Law: Objects at rest stay at rest and objects in motion stay in motion (with the same velocity) unless acted upon by an external force.
Second Law: Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma).
Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.
Conservation of Momentum: The total momentum of an isolated system remains constant. (Momentum is mass in motion).
Conservation of Mass: Mass is conserved in chemical reactions.

Zeroth Law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed (ΔU = Q - W).
Second Law: Entropy, a measure of disorder, always increases in an isolated system.
Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.

Force: A push or pull on an object, measured in Newtons (N).
Energy: The ability to do work. Common forms include kinetic, potential, thermal, and chemical energy.
Work: Energy transferred by a force acting over a distance, calculated as W = F × d.
Power: The rate of doing work or transferring energy, calculated as P = W/t.

d = vt + (1/2)at² (displacement formula, where d = displacement, v = initial velocity, t = time, a = acceleration).
v = u + at (velocity as a function of time, where v = final velocity, u = initial velocity, a = acceleration, t = time).

Kinetic Energy (KE) = (1/2)mv² (where m = mass, v = velocity).
Potential Energy (PE) = mgh (gravitational, where m = mass, g = gravitational acceleration, h = height) or (1/2)kx² (elastic, where k = spring constant, x = displacement).

Coulomb's Law: F = k(q₁q₂/r²) (where F = electrostatic force, k = Coulomb's constant, q₁ and q₂ = charges, r = distance).
Ohm's Law: V = IR (where V = voltage, I = current, R = resistance)

Engineering: Designing structures, machines, and technologies.
Medicine: Medical imaging techniques and radiation therapies.
Environmental Science: Understanding natural phenomena and energy resources.
Astronomy: Studying celestial bodies and the universe.