Fundamental Concepts of Physics Quiz

Physics Definition
- The study of matter, energy, and the fundamental forces of nature.
Branches of Physics
1. Classical Physics: Mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism.
2. Modern Physics: Quantum mechanics, relativity, particle physics.

Laws of Motion
- Newton's Laws:
  1. An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a net force.
  2. F = ma (Force equals mass times acceleration).
  3. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Conservation Laws
- Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
- Conservation of Momentum: Total momentum of a closed system remains constant unless acted upon by an external force.
Thermodynamics
- First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed (ΔU = Q - W).
- Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases.
- Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, entropy approaches a constant minimum.

Kinetic Energy (KE): Energy of motion (KE = 1/2 mv²).
Potential Energy (PE): Energy stored due to position (gravitational PE = mgh).
Thermal Energy: Related to temperature and motion of particles.

Wave Properties
- Wavelength: Distance between successive crests.
- Frequency: Number of waves passing a point per second.
- Amplitude: Maximum displacement from rest position.
Types of Waves
1. Mechanical Waves: Require a medium (e.g., sound).
2. Electromagnetic Waves: Do not require a medium (e.g., light).

Wave-Particle Duality: Particles exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties.
Uncertainty Principle: It is impossible to simultaneously know the exact position and momentum of a particle.

Special Relativity: Deals with observers in uniform motion (time dilation, length contraction).
General Relativity: Describes gravity as curvature of spacetime.

Newton's Laws:
- An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a net force (Newton's First Law).
- F = ma (Force equals mass times acceleration)(Newton's Second Law).
- For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction (Newton's Third Law).

Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
Conservation of Momentum: The total momentum of a closed system remains constant unless acted upon by an external force.

First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed (ΔU = Q - W), where ΔU represents the change in internal energy, Q is heat exchange, and W is work done.
Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases.
Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, entropy approaches a constant minimum.

Kinetic Energy (KE): Energy of motion (KE = 1/2 mv²), where m is mass and v is velocity.
Potential Energy (PE): Energy stored due to position (gravitational PE = mgh), where m is mass, g is acceleration due to gravity, and h is height.
Thermal Energy: Related to temperature and motion of particles.

Wave Properties:
- Wavelength: Distance between successive crests.
- Frequency: Number of waves passing a point per second.
- Amplitude: Maximum displacement from the rest position.
Types of Waves:
- Mechanical Waves: Require a medium (e.g., sound).
- Electromagnetic Waves: Do not require a medium (e.g., light).

Wave-Particle Duality: Particles exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties.
Uncertainty Principle: It is impossible to simultaneously know the exact position and momentum of a particle.

Special Relativity: Deals with observers in uniform motion (time dilation, length contraction).
General Relativity: Describes gravity as curvature of spacetime.