60 Questions
How does peristalsis assist digestion?
By ensuring that food comes into contact with digestive enzymes and is moved towards the site of absorption.
How does mechanical digestion differ from chemical digestion?
Mechanical digestion physically breaks down food into smaller pieces, whereas chemical digestion breaks down food into chemical compounds.
Where does starch digestion primarily begin?
Mouth with salivary amylase
Protein digestion begins in the:
Stomach with pepsin
In lipid digestion, where does the breakdown primarily occur?
Small intestine
What are the end products of the digestion of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids?
Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides ;glucose, fructose, galactose; Lipids: Fatty acids and glycerol; Proteins: Amino acids; Nucleic acids: Nucleotides.
What factors control digestive activity in the human body?
Hormonal signals and nervous system inputs
What is meant by deglutition?
The process of swallowing food
What are the individual phases of swallowing?
Oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal phases
Which of the following enzymes play a major role in digestion?
Amylase, lipase, pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin
What physiological process moves food or material through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?
Peristalsis
In which phase of swallowing is the bolus moved into the oropharynx?
Oral Phase
Which components make up a portal triad in the liver?
Portal vein, bile duct, hepatic artery
What is the primary role of the pharyngeal-esophageal sphincter?
To prevent air from entering the esophagus during breathing and food from refluxing into the throat
What are brush border enzymes involved in the digestion of disaccharides?
Lactase, maltase, and sucrase
What are brush border enzymes involved in the digestion of peptides?
Peptidases
Differentiate peristalsis from segmentation
Peristalsis is the rhythmic contraction that moves food through the GI tract, while segmentation involves the contraction and relaxation of nonadjacent segments of the intestine to mix intestinal contents.
What are the primary functions of the digestive system?
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and defecation
Which of the following organs are mainly involved in the digestion and absorption of food and nutrients?
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
Which of the following organs are considered accessory organs in the digestive system?
Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas
What type of epithelium is found lining the gastrointestinal (GI) tract ?
Stratified squamous epithelium in the esophagus, simple columnar epithelium in the stomach, and simple columnar epithelium in the intestines.
Which of the following accurately describes the role of the oral cavity in the digestion process?
The oral cavity initiates the breakdown of food into smaller pieces through mechanical chewing, releases digestive enzymes to chemically break down carbohydrates, and begins the absorption of nutrients.
Which structures in the oral cavity are primarily involved in the processes of digestion and absorption of nutrients?
Salivary glands and teeth for mechanical digestion, and the tongue for absorption of nutrients.
Which of the following glands secretes saliva through ducts into the oral cavity?
The stomach has three main regions: the fundus, body, and pylorus. The fundus expands to store food, the body is where most digestion occurs, and the pylorus regulates the passage of chyme into the small intestine.
Where are the tonsils typically found in the human body?
In the pharynx
What do enteroendocrine cells in the stomach mucosa primarily produce?
Hormones like gastrin
What does of chief cells in the stomach mucosa produce ?
Pepsinogen
Which substance is primarily produced by parietal cells in the stomach mucosa?
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factors
Which structure connects the stomach and duodenum to the liver?
Lesser omentum
Which of the following describes the structure of the small intestine and its various divisions?
The small intestine has three divisions: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum is involved in initial digestion, the jejunum primarily absorbs nutrients, and the ileum further absorbs nutrients and bile salts.
What are the major roles of the various divisions of the small intestine?
The duodenum is involved in chemical digestion, the jejunum primarily absorbs nutrients, and the ileum absorbs bile salts and certain vitamins.
Where does the majority of digestion take place in the digestive system?
Small intestine
Which part of the digestive system is the major site for digestion and absorption of nutrients?
Small intestine
In which part of the digestive system are water and salts primarily absorbed, and feces compacted?
Large intestine
Which of the following structural modifications increases the surface area for absorption in the intestines?
Villi and Microvilli
What is the primary function of the large intestine, and what are its various divisions?
The large intestine primarily absorbs water and electrolytes, and its divisions consist of the cecum, colon, and rectum.
Which of the following best describes the structure of the anus?
The anus is a sphincter muscle located at the end of the digestive tract, regulating the passage of feces out of the body.
What is the primary function of the anus?
Regulation of fecal elimination
Which of the following are considered accessory digestive organs?
Liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
What are the primary functions of the accessory digestive organs?
The liver produces bile, the gallbladder stores and concentrates bile, and the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions.
What is the dental formula for adults?
2.1.2.3
What is the dental formula for children?
2.1.0.2
How many pairs of salivary glands are there?
Three pairs: Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual
How many lobes make up the liver?
Four lobes: Right, left, caudate, and quadrate.
What is the basic organization of liver lobules?
Hexagonal lobules
How many portal areas or hepatic triads are there for each liver lobule?
Three portal areas
What are the hepatic triads composed of?
Hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and bile duct
What structures make up the portal triad?
Artery, vein, and bile duct
What are the three divisions of the larynx?
Epiglottis, glottis, vocal cords
What are the layers of the tissues of the GI tract?
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
In the gastrointestinal tract, which layer is closest to the lumen and which layer is closer to the visceral peritoneum?
Mucosa; serosa
Which division of the larynx is involved in digestion?
None of the above
What is the role of the esophagus and its associated structures?
The esophagus serves as a muscular tube that transports food from the mouth to the stomach, aided by structures such as the upper esophageal sphincter and lower esophageal sphincter.
What is the role of the pharynx and its associated structures?
The pharynx functions in both digestion and respiration, as it serves as a passage for both food and air, while its associated structures, such as the uvula and epiglottis, prevent food from entering the airway during swallowing.
Which organs are primarily involved in the digestion and absorption of food and nutrients?
Stomach, small intestine, and pancreas
What are the main functions of the organs involved in the digestion and absorption of food and nutrients?
The stomach initiates digestion with enzymes and acid, the small intestine absorbs nutrients, and the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate.
Which of the following describes the digestion and absorption of lipids?
Lipids are digested and absorbed in the small intestine. Bile emulsifies lipids, pancreatic lipase breaks them down into fatty acids and glycerol, and they are absorbed into intestinal cells as micelles.
How are proteins digested and absorbed in the digestive system?
Proteins are primarily digested in the stomach by pepsin and absorbed in the small intestine as amino acids.
How are saccharides digested and absorbed in the digestive system?
Saccharides are digested in the small intestine by pancreatic amylase and absorbed as monosaccharides into intestinal cells.
What are the functions of the digestive system?
Mechanical breakdown of food, secretion of digestive enzymes, and absorption of nutrients
Test your knowledge on the functions of the digestive system including ingestion, digestion, absorption, and defecation. Learn how peristalsis assists in digestion by moving food through the gastrointestinal tract.
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