Functions of Several Variables

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Questions and Answers

Consider a function $f(x, y) = x^2 - 2y$, where $x$ and $y$ are real numbers. Which of the following accurately describes the domain and range of $f$?

  • Domain of $f$ is $\mathbb{R}^2$, Range of $f$ is $\mathbb{R}$ (correct)
  • Domain of $f$ is $\mathbb{R}$, Range of $f$ is $\mathbb{R}^2$
  • Domain of $f$ is $\mathbb{R}$, Range of $f$ is $\mathbb{R}$
  • Domain of $f$ is $\mathbb{R}^2$, Range of $f$ is $\mathbb{R}^2$

Let $D \subseteq \mathbb{R}^n$ and $f: D \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^m$, $g: D \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^m$ be multivariable functions on $D$. Assessing the properties of combined functions, which assertion is fundamentally correct?

  • The function $cf$ is defined by $(cf)(x)=\frac{1}{c}f(x)$ for some non-zero scalar $c \in \mathbb{R}$
  • Provided $m = 1$ and $g(x) \neq 0$ for any $x \in D$, $f/g : D \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ has $(f/g)(x) = f(x)g(x)$ pointwise.
  • Assuming $f, g : D \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^m$, then the product $fg$ is formulated by $(fg)(x)=f(x) \times g(x)$, for all $x \in D$.
  • The sum $f + g$ is defined by $(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)$, $x \in D$, contingent upon the vector spaces possessing equal dimensionality. (correct)

Suppose $f : D \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ is a function defined on a domain $D \subseteq \mathbb{R}$. Precisely when can $f$ be represented by one of the following functions?

  • $f(x) = \log(\sqrt{x^4+3})$ (correct)
  • $f(x) = 4 + \sqrt{x - 10}$
  • $f(x) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{x-5}}$
  • $f(x) = \frac{x^2}{x+1}$

Considering functions that map from $\mathbb{R}^n$ to $\mathbb{R}^m$, which of these statements accurately describes the nature of their outputs?

<p>A vector-valued multivariable function will always output a vector in $\mathbb{R}^m$ with $m &gt; 1$, but cannot be considered a vector in $\mathbb{R}^1$. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Let $S(t) = (\cos t, \sin t, 2t)$, where $t$ is a real number. Which statements about the function $S$ are true?

<p>The domain of $S$ is $\mathbb{R}$ and the codomain is $\mathbb{R}^3$; it traces a helical path with constant pitch. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within topological vector space theory, under which circumstances does a multivariable function qualify as a vector-valued function?

<p>The function maps from $R^n$ (with $n \geq 2$) to $R^m$ (with $m \geq 2$); constraints are placed to ensure multivariable input maps to vector output. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given g : $D \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^3$ is a function defined on a domain $D \subseteq \mathbb{R}^2$, which of the following expression(s) qualify as valid representations of g?

<p>$g(x, y) = (x^4 + 1, y^4 + 1, xy)$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider the function $f(x, y) = \sqrt{1 - \frac{x^2}{9} - \frac{y^2}{16}}$. What is the precise domain and range of $f$?

<p>Domain $D = {(x, y) | \frac{x^2}{9} + \frac{y^2}{16} \leq 1}$, Range = $[0, 1]$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the function $F : \mathbb{R}^2 \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^3$ with the form $F(x, y) = (P(x, y), Q(x, y), R(x, y))$, where $P, Q, R$ are component functions, what can be definitively affirmed regarding the nature of $F$ and its components?

<p>$F$ is a multi-variable vector-valued function while $P, Q, R$ are multi-variable scalar-valued functions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider the function $f(x, y) = 1 - \frac{x^2}{4} - \frac{y^2}{4}$. Let's analyze the statements related to the ellipses represented by the curves ${(x, y) \mid f(x, y) = c}$, where $c$ is a constant. Which of the following are accurate?

<p>$f(x, y) = 1$ is a circle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given an intensity function $I(x, y, z) = \frac{k}{d^2}$, where $d$ is the Euclidean distance between a point source $S = (1, 2, 3)$ and a point $P = (x, y, z)$ in space, and $k$ is a positive constant, on what surfaces is the intensity $I$ constant?

<p>Surfaces on which $(x - 1)^2 + (y - 2)^2 + (z - 3)^2 = c$, where $c$ is constant. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the rate of change of the function $f(x, y, z) = 5x^2 - 6xy + 3z^2 - 2yz$ with respect to $z$ at the point $(1, 2, -1)$?

<p>-10 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Let $f : \mathbb{R}^2 \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be defined as $f(x, y) = x^3 + 3xy$. Analyzing its partial derivatives, identify the true relations.

<p>\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}(0, 0) = \frac{\partial f}{\partial y}(0, 0) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Let $f(x, y) = \frac{xy}{x^2 + y}$. Assess the partial derivatives.

<p>$\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}(1, 1) = 0$, $\frac{\partial f}{\partial y}(1, 1) = \frac{1}{4}$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Let $f : \mathbb{R}^2 \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be defined as $f(x, y) = x^2 + 4xy - y^2$. If $\frac{\partial f}{\partial x} = \frac{\partial f}{\partial y}$ at $(12, k)$, what is the value of $k$?

<p>4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the scalar field $f(x, y, z) = xy + yz + zx - 3xyz$, which descriptions are accurate?

<p>The rate of change of $f$ at $(1, 3, 5)$ with respect to $y$ equals $-9$, indicating $f$ decreases most rapidly in this direction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider the multivariable function $f(x, y) = 3x^2 + 2x^2y + 3xy - \frac{2}{3}y^2$. Which of the following conditions does this function satisfy?

<p>$\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}= 6x + 4xy + 3y$ and $\frac{\partial f}{\partial y}= 2x^2 + 3x - \frac{4}{3}y$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To find the value of $k$ in the equation $4 \frac{\partial f}{\partial x} + 7 \frac{\partial f}{\partial y} = k$, where $f(x, y) = e^{4(x+y)} \sin(7x - 4y)$, which of the following statements holds?

<p>k is constant. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given a multivariable function $f$ at a point $(x_1, y_1)$ in the direction of a vector $\mathbf{u} = (u_1, u_2)$, which expression describes the directional derivative $D_\mathbf{u}f(x_1, y_1)$?

<p>$D_\mathbf{u}f(x_1, y_1) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f((x_1, y_1) + h(u_1, u_2)) - f(x_1, y_1)}{h}$ (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the directional derivative of $f(x, y) = x \sin(y)$ at the point $(1, 0)$ in the direction of a unit vector $(u_1, u_2)$ is $0.8$, where $u_1, u_2 \in \mathbb{R}$, what is the absolute value of $u_1$?

<p>0.6 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider the function $f : \mathbb{R}^2 \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ defined as: $f(x, y) = \begin{cases} \frac{x^2y}{x^4+y^2} & (x,y) \neq (0,0) \ 0 & x = y = 0 \end{cases}$. Find the directional derivative of $f$ at $(0,0)$ in the direction of the vector $\mathbf{u} = (\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}})$.

<p>0 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given $f(x, y) = x² + y²$, find the directional derivative at the point $P(1, 2)$ in the direction of the line $PQ$, where point $Q$ is at $(4, 6)$.

<p>4.4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Let $f(x, y, z) = ax^2y + yz^2 - z^2x$, where $a \in \mathbb{R}$. Precisely when does the directional derivative of the given function at the point $(1, 1, 1)$ in the direction of the vector $\mathbf{u} = (1, 2, -2)$ equal $3$?

<p>$a = 0.5$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The temperature at a point $(x, y, z)$ is given by $T(x,y,z) = 10e^{-x^2+y^2-4z^2}$, where T is measured in °C and x, y, z are measured in meters. Find where the rate of change of temperature at $(2,-1,0)$ in the direction of a vector $u = (1,-1,1)$.

<p>$\frac{-20}{\sqrt{3}e^3}$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Let $f: \mathbb{R}^2 \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be given by $f(x, y) = x^2 + y^2 - 2xy$. Given $D_\mathbf{u}f(x_0, y_0)$ is the directional derivative at $(x_0, y_0)$ in the direction of the unit vector $\mathbf{u} = (\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}})$ and $D_\mathbf{v}f(x_0, y_0)$ is the directional derivative at $(x_0, y_0)$ in the direction of the unit vector $\mathbf{v} = (\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}, -\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}})$.\nConsider a matrix $A = \begin{bmatrix} D_\mathbf{u}f(1,2) & D_\mathbf{u}f(2, 1) \ D_\mathbf{v}f(1,2) & D_\mathbf{v}f(2, 1) \end{bmatrix}$. What is the value of $\det(A)$?

<p>0 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Determine the accuracy of the following statements about directional derivatives.

<p>The rate of change of f(x₁, x₂,..., xₙ) in the direction of any vector u is called the directional derivative of f in the direction of u only if u is a unit vector. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the directional derivative of $f(x, y) = x + xy - 2y^2$ at the point $(2, 3)$ in the direction of the vector $(2\sqrt{2}, 2\sqrt{2})$ is $a\sqrt{2}$ where $a \in \mathbb{R}$, determine the value of $a$.

<p>-6 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Find the value of the following limit $\lim_{(x,y) \to (2,3)} \frac{x^2 + y^2 -y}{y^2 - x^2}$

<p>2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

\nSuppose $f$ and $g$ are multivariable functions defined on domain $\mathbb{R}^2$ with the following limits:\n$\lim_{(x,y) \to (0,0)} f(x, y) = l$ and $\lim_{(x,y) \to (0,0)} g(x, y) = k$\nwhere $l, k \in \mathbb{R}$. Select all correct options.\n

<p>$\lim_{(x,y) \to (0,0)} (f(x, y) + g(x, y)) = l + k$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the domain of a function?

The set of all possible input values for a function.

What is the range of a function?

The set of all possible output values for a function.

What is the sum function f + g?

The element-wise addition of two multivariable functions f and g.

What is a scalar-valued multivariable function?

A function that maps from ( \mathbb{R}^n ) to ( \mathbb{R} ).

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What is a vector-valued function?

A function that maps from ( \mathbb{R}^n ) to ( \mathbb{R}^m ), where ( m \ge 1 ).

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What is a directional derivative?

The rate of change of a function at a point in a specific direction

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What are scalar-valued functions?

Functions that maps from ( \mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R} )

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The formula to represent rate of change?

The rate of change of a multivariable function

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What is the gradient of a function?

The vector consisting of all the partial derivatives of a function.

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For a limit to exist?

If limit depends on path, the limit does not exist.

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What is a continuous function?

A function composed of all the basic operations (addition, multiplication, squaring).

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Study Notes

Functions of Several Variables

  • The domain of a function comprises all possible input values.
  • The range of a function includes its potential output values.

Given the function f(x,y) = x^2 - 2y, where x and y are real numbers

  • The domain is R^2 because x and y can be any real number
  • The range is R, because adjusting x and y appropriately allows x^2 - 2y to take any real value

Let D be a subset of R^n, and f and g be multivariable functions from D to R^m.

  • The product function fg is defined such that (fg)(x) = f(x) × g(x), where x is an element of D.
  • The sum function f + g is defined such that (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x), where x is an element of D.
  • For c ∈ R, the function cf is defined such that (cf)(x) = c × f(x), where x ∈ D.
  • If m = 1 and g(x) ≠ 0 for x ∈ D, then function f/g is defined such that (f/g)(x) = f(x) / g(x), where x ∈ D.

Scalar-valued Multivariable Functions

  • A scalar-valued function maps from R^n to R, so its output is always a single real number.
  • A vector-valued function maps from R^n to R^m, where m ≥ 1; if m = 1, the output is a real number and a vector in R^1.
  • A single-variable vector-valued function maps from R to R^m where m ≥ 1, so its output is always a vector in R^m.

Determining Vector-Valued Multivariable Functions

To identify vector-valued multivariable functions mapping from R^n (with n ≥ 2) to R^m (with m ≥ 2):

  • f(x, y) = (x^3, y^2) maps from R^2 to R^2 and is a vector-valued multivariable function
  • f(x, y) = (x + y, x - y, 2xy) maps from R^2 to R^3 and is a vector-valued multivariable function.
  • f(x, y, z) = (e^(x+y+z), 0, 0) maps from R^3 to R^3 and is a vector-valued multivariable function.

Functions Mapping to R^3

To determine which functions can be g where g maps from D to R^3 and D is a subset of R^2:

  • Must take a pair of variables (x, y) ∈ R^2 as input.
  • Must output a vector in R^3.
  • g(x, y) = (x^4 + 1, y^4 + 1, xy) fits this criteria.
  • g(x, y) = (0, sin(e^x), cos(e^x))also fits this criteria.

Analyzing the domain and range of f(x, y) = √(1 - (x^2/9) - (y^2/16))

  • Domain is D = {(x, y) | (x^2/9) + (y^2/16) ≤ 1}, representing an ellipse.
  • Range is [0, 1].

Analyzing the function F : R^2 → R^3 defined as F(x, y) = (P(x, y), Q(x, y), R(x, y))

  • F is a multi-variable vector-valued function.
  • P, Q, and R are multi-variable scalar-valued functions.

Analyzing ellipses of the form x2/9 + y2/4 = 1 - c

  • Ellipses of decreasing size are curves {(x,y)|f(x,y) = c}
  • Where c increases from 0 towards 1 and f(x, y) = 1 is a point

Given the intensity function I(x, y, z) = k/d^2

  • Where d is the distance between the point source S = (1, 2, 3) and the point P = (x, y, z), and k is a positive constant
  • Intensity I is constant on {(x, y, z) | (x − 1)^2 + (y − 2)^2 + (z − 3)^2 = 1}
  • Intensity I is constant on {(x, y, z) | (x − 1)^2 + (y − 2)^2 + (z − 3)^2 = 2}

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