Functions of Art

Functions of Art

• Art's function depends on its purpose; some art forms are inherently more functional than others.
• Architecture and applied arts prioritize practical benefits, while painting and literature focus on intrinsic value.
• Even seemingly non-functional art, like literature (e.g., Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo), can have significant functions depending on its impact and intended purpose.
• Personal functions of art are subjective and depend on the artist's intent (self-expression, entertainment, therapy).
• Social functions address collective interests, such as political art, photojournalism (documenting poverty), and performance art (plays, satire). These can convey messages of protest or social commentary.
• Physical functions are served by artforms like architecture, jewelry making, and interior design. These have practical purposes.
• Music was initially used for dance, religion, and military coordination (creating synchronicity among warriors). Modern music expanded beyond these original functions. It can express emotions and accompany other art forms (e.g., theater).
• Sculptures have been primarily used for religious purposes, particularly in the Roman Catholic tradition; however, they can also serve as monuments (e.g., Rizal and Bonifacio monuments).
• Architecture is exceptionally functional; buildings take considerable time and resources to create and dismantle, making their functionality a crucial consideration. In architecture, form and function are closely linked.

Philosophical Perspectives on Art

• Plato's perspective: Art is mere imitation; it imitates nature, which itself imitates the perfect forms in the "World of Forms." Plato considered art dangerous (appeals to emotion over reason, discourages the search for reality) and suggested banning it from his ideal republic. He believed artists reinforced the belief in copies rather than the reality. The Republic should be free from art to foster reason.
• Aristotle's perspective: Art is a form of imitation, but, unlike Plato, viewed it as helpful in revealing truth; Art offers potential versions of reality (not just a replica), providing pleasure and instruction. Even "horrible" experiences can be examined through the lens of art.
• Kant's perspective: Artistic judgment (aesthetic judgment) can be universal despite subjectivity, requiring disinterested judgment (moving beyond personal preferences). Distinguishes "I like this painting" (subjective judgment of taste) and "This painting is beautiful" (objective aesthetic judgment).
• Tolstoy's perspective: Art communicates the artist's emotions to the audience, fostering social unity by making feelings across time periods and cultures accessible.

Additional Notes

• The text introduces the concept of telos (purpose) from Aristotle's philosophy, linking it to an object's function. For an object to achieve its purpose it must fulfill its function.
• The text poses questions for students to consider: Does art always have a function? If an artwork loses function is it still art? Students are also asked to reflect on how a specific artwork has impacted their lives. A final assignment is to analyze a piece of art from their own home.