Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
Which type of immunity is present in all normal individuals?
What are the components of innate resistance?
Which major activity involves the immune system's ability to remember past infections?
What does innate immunity discriminate among?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of immunity is acquired through clinical or subclinical infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What regulates innate immunity?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cells are involved in innate resistance as phagocytic cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of immunization involves exposure to microbial products like toxins?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of immunity does not alter in intensity upon reexposure?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of innate immunity?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following components is NOT part of innate resistance?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of immunity involves immunization with live or killed infectious agents or their antigens?
Signup and view all the answers
Which physiological conditions regulate innate immunity?
Signup and view all the answers
Which major activity of the immune response involves the ability to recognize pathogens?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of immunity is regulated by physiological conditions such as nutrition, age, and hormones?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of immunity is present in all normal individuals?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of phagocytic cells in innate resistance?
Signup and view all the answers
Which component provides competitive inhibition as part of innate resistance?
Signup and view all the answers
Which antibody is the most abundant class in serum?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the molecular weight of IgM?
Signup and view all the answers
Which antibody is the predominant antibody in secondary response?
Signup and view all the answers
In which secretions is IgA the major Ig?
Signup and view all the answers
Which antibody exists mainly as a monomer in serum but can occur in polymeric forms?
Signup and view all the answers
Which antibody is the first Ig in the primary response and is synthesized by neonates?
Signup and view all the answers
Which antibody opsonizes/activates complement and is the only one to cross the placenta?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the effector molecules of humoral immunity and are present in the serum?
Signup and view all the answers
Which antibody primarily functions as a B-Cell receptor and may participate in B-Cell maturation, maintenance, and activation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which Ig constitutes approximately 15% of total Ig in serum and is a major Ig in secretions such as colostrum, saliva, and tears?
Signup and view all the answers
Which antibody is important in host defense against helminth or worm infections?
Signup and view all the answers
Which antibody has the Fc portion that binds to the surface of mast cells and basophils, mediating immediate hypersensitive reactions?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mechanism of action of Polyenes such as Amphotericin B?
Signup and view all the answers
Which enzyme do Azoles inhibit to cause depletion of ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mechanism of action of Glucan synthesis Inhibitors like Caspofungin and Micafungin?
Signup and view all the answers
How do Allylamines act as anti-fungal agents?
Signup and view all the answers
How does Griseofulvin act to prevent fungal cell division?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the MOA of Polyenes such as Amphotericin B?
Signup and view all the answers
Which anti-fungal agent primarily acts by inhibiting the fungal cytochrome p450 3A –dependent C 14demethylase?
Signup and view all the answers
How do Azoles such as Clotrimazole and Fluconazole act as anti-fungal agents?
Signup and view all the answers
Which anti-fungal agent inhibits fungal cell wall synthesis by inhibiting 1,3 D-glucan synthase?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mode of action of Allylamines like Terbinafine?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mechanism of action of Griseofulvin as an anti-fungal agent?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Immunity Types and Mechanisms
- Innate immunity is present in all normal individuals and forms the first line of defense against pathogens.
- Innate resistance components include physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes), chemical barriers (antimicrobial substances), and cellular components (phagocytes, natural killer cells).
- The immune system's ability to remember past infections is associated with adaptive immunity.
- Innate immunity discriminates among different pathogens but does not provide specific recognition.
- Acquired immunity arises from clinical or subclinical infections, developing immunological memory.
- Innate immunity is regulated by genetic and physiological factors including age, hormonal levels, and nutritional status.
Immune Cells and Functions
- Phagocytic cells involved in innate resistance include neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells.
- Immunization involving exposure to microbial products like toxins is referred to as toxoid immunization.
- Innate immunity remains consistent and does not alter in intensity upon reexposure to pathogens.
- Characteristics not associated with innate immunity include specific pathogen recognition and memory.
- Components not part of innate resistance include antibodies, which are part of adaptive immunity.
Antibodies and Their Roles
- Live or killed infectious agents or their antigens are used for vaccines in adaptive immunity.
- Physiological conditions such as nutrition, age, and hormonal balance regulate innate immunity.
- Major immune response activities include pathogen recognition and activation of immune cells.
- The function of phagocytic cells is to ingest and destroy pathogens.
- Competitive inhibition in innate resistance is provided by normal microbiota.
Antibody Classes and Properties
- IgG is the most abundant antibody class in serum, facilitating immune responses.
- Molecular weight of IgM is approximately 900 kDa.
- IgG is the predominant antibody in the secondary immune response.
- IgA is the major immunoglobulin in secretions such as tear fluid, saliva, and breast milk.
- IgD primarily serves as a B-Cell receptor, playing a role in B-Cell activation.
- IgM is the first antibody produced in the primary immune response and is synthesized by neonates.
- IgG is unique as it opsonizes pathogens, activates complement, and crosses the placenta for fetal immunity.
- IgE binds to mast cells and basophils, mediating immediate hypersensitivity reactions and providing defense against helminths.
Anti-Fungal Agents and Mechanisms
- Polyenes, such as Amphotericin B, bind to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes, disrupting membrane integrity.
- Azoles inhibit the enzyme lanosterol 14α-demethylase, causing depletion of ergosterol in fungal membranes.
- Glucan synthesis inhibitors, like Caspofungin and Micafungin, act by inhibiting 1,3-D-glucan synthase, affecting cell wall integrity.
- Allylamines, such as Terbinafine, inhibit squalene epoxidase, leading to ergosterol depletion.
- Griseofulvin disrupts fungal mitotic spindle formation, preventing cell division.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge of the functions and types of the immune system. This quiz covers topics such as the maintenance of host cells, tissues, and organs, prevention of infections by microorganisms and tumors, and the innate immunity or resistance.
