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Questions and Answers
Which type of immunity is present in all normal individuals?
Which type of immunity is present in all normal individuals?
What are the components of innate resistance?
What are the components of innate resistance?
Which major activity involves the immune system's ability to remember past infections?
Which major activity involves the immune system's ability to remember past infections?
What does innate immunity discriminate among?
What does innate immunity discriminate among?
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Which type of immunity is acquired through clinical or subclinical infection?
Which type of immunity is acquired through clinical or subclinical infection?
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What regulates innate immunity?
What regulates innate immunity?
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Which cells are involved in innate resistance as phagocytic cells?
Which cells are involved in innate resistance as phagocytic cells?
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What type of immunization involves exposure to microbial products like toxins?
What type of immunization involves exposure to microbial products like toxins?
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Which type of immunity does not alter in intensity upon reexposure?
Which type of immunity does not alter in intensity upon reexposure?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of innate immunity?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of innate immunity?
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Which of the following components is NOT part of innate resistance?
Which of the following components is NOT part of innate resistance?
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What type of immunity involves immunization with live or killed infectious agents or their antigens?
What type of immunity involves immunization with live or killed infectious agents or their antigens?
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Which physiological conditions regulate innate immunity?
Which physiological conditions regulate innate immunity?
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Which major activity of the immune response involves the ability to recognize pathogens?
Which major activity of the immune response involves the ability to recognize pathogens?
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Which type of immunity is regulated by physiological conditions such as nutrition, age, and hormones?
Which type of immunity is regulated by physiological conditions such as nutrition, age, and hormones?
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What type of immunity is present in all normal individuals?
What type of immunity is present in all normal individuals?
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What is the function of phagocytic cells in innate resistance?
What is the function of phagocytic cells in innate resistance?
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Which component provides competitive inhibition as part of innate resistance?
Which component provides competitive inhibition as part of innate resistance?
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Which antibody is the most abundant class in serum?
Which antibody is the most abundant class in serum?
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What is the molecular weight of IgM?
What is the molecular weight of IgM?
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Which antibody is the predominant antibody in secondary response?
Which antibody is the predominant antibody in secondary response?
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In which secretions is IgA the major Ig?
In which secretions is IgA the major Ig?
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Which antibody exists mainly as a monomer in serum but can occur in polymeric forms?
Which antibody exists mainly as a monomer in serum but can occur in polymeric forms?
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Which antibody is the first Ig in the primary response and is synthesized by neonates?
Which antibody is the first Ig in the primary response and is synthesized by neonates?
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Which antibody opsonizes/activates complement and is the only one to cross the placenta?
Which antibody opsonizes/activates complement and is the only one to cross the placenta?
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What are the effector molecules of humoral immunity and are present in the serum?
What are the effector molecules of humoral immunity and are present in the serum?
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Which antibody primarily functions as a B-Cell receptor and may participate in B-Cell maturation, maintenance, and activation?
Which antibody primarily functions as a B-Cell receptor and may participate in B-Cell maturation, maintenance, and activation?
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Which Ig constitutes approximately 15% of total Ig in serum and is a major Ig in secretions such as colostrum, saliva, and tears?
Which Ig constitutes approximately 15% of total Ig in serum and is a major Ig in secretions such as colostrum, saliva, and tears?
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Which antibody is important in host defense against helminth or worm infections?
Which antibody is important in host defense against helminth or worm infections?
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Which antibody has the Fc portion that binds to the surface of mast cells and basophils, mediating immediate hypersensitive reactions?
Which antibody has the Fc portion that binds to the surface of mast cells and basophils, mediating immediate hypersensitive reactions?
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What is the mechanism of action of Polyenes such as Amphotericin B?
What is the mechanism of action of Polyenes such as Amphotericin B?
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Which enzyme do Azoles inhibit to cause depletion of ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane?
Which enzyme do Azoles inhibit to cause depletion of ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of Glucan synthesis Inhibitors like Caspofungin and Micafungin?
What is the primary mechanism of action of Glucan synthesis Inhibitors like Caspofungin and Micafungin?
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How do Allylamines act as anti-fungal agents?
How do Allylamines act as anti-fungal agents?
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How does Griseofulvin act to prevent fungal cell division?
How does Griseofulvin act to prevent fungal cell division?
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What is the MOA of Polyenes such as Amphotericin B?
What is the MOA of Polyenes such as Amphotericin B?
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Which anti-fungal agent primarily acts by inhibiting the fungal cytochrome p450 3A –dependent C 14demethylase?
Which anti-fungal agent primarily acts by inhibiting the fungal cytochrome p450 3A –dependent C 14demethylase?
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How do Azoles such as Clotrimazole and Fluconazole act as anti-fungal agents?
How do Azoles such as Clotrimazole and Fluconazole act as anti-fungal agents?
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Which anti-fungal agent inhibits fungal cell wall synthesis by inhibiting 1,3 D-glucan synthase?
Which anti-fungal agent inhibits fungal cell wall synthesis by inhibiting 1,3 D-glucan synthase?
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What is the primary mode of action of Allylamines like Terbinafine?
What is the primary mode of action of Allylamines like Terbinafine?
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What is the mechanism of action of Griseofulvin as an anti-fungal agent?
What is the mechanism of action of Griseofulvin as an anti-fungal agent?
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Study Notes
Immunity Types and Mechanisms
- Innate immunity is present in all normal individuals and forms the first line of defense against pathogens.
- Innate resistance components include physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes), chemical barriers (antimicrobial substances), and cellular components (phagocytes, natural killer cells).
- The immune system's ability to remember past infections is associated with adaptive immunity.
- Innate immunity discriminates among different pathogens but does not provide specific recognition.
- Acquired immunity arises from clinical or subclinical infections, developing immunological memory.
- Innate immunity is regulated by genetic and physiological factors including age, hormonal levels, and nutritional status.
Immune Cells and Functions
- Phagocytic cells involved in innate resistance include neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells.
- Immunization involving exposure to microbial products like toxins is referred to as toxoid immunization.
- Innate immunity remains consistent and does not alter in intensity upon reexposure to pathogens.
- Characteristics not associated with innate immunity include specific pathogen recognition and memory.
- Components not part of innate resistance include antibodies, which are part of adaptive immunity.
Antibodies and Their Roles
- Live or killed infectious agents or their antigens are used for vaccines in adaptive immunity.
- Physiological conditions such as nutrition, age, and hormonal balance regulate innate immunity.
- Major immune response activities include pathogen recognition and activation of immune cells.
- The function of phagocytic cells is to ingest and destroy pathogens.
- Competitive inhibition in innate resistance is provided by normal microbiota.
Antibody Classes and Properties
- IgG is the most abundant antibody class in serum, facilitating immune responses.
- Molecular weight of IgM is approximately 900 kDa.
- IgG is the predominant antibody in the secondary immune response.
- IgA is the major immunoglobulin in secretions such as tear fluid, saliva, and breast milk.
- IgD primarily serves as a B-Cell receptor, playing a role in B-Cell activation.
- IgM is the first antibody produced in the primary immune response and is synthesized by neonates.
- IgG is unique as it opsonizes pathogens, activates complement, and crosses the placenta for fetal immunity.
- IgE binds to mast cells and basophils, mediating immediate hypersensitivity reactions and providing defense against helminths.
Anti-Fungal Agents and Mechanisms
- Polyenes, such as Amphotericin B, bind to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes, disrupting membrane integrity.
- Azoles inhibit the enzyme lanosterol 14α-demethylase, causing depletion of ergosterol in fungal membranes.
- Glucan synthesis inhibitors, like Caspofungin and Micafungin, act by inhibiting 1,3-D-glucan synthase, affecting cell wall integrity.
- Allylamines, such as Terbinafine, inhibit squalene epoxidase, leading to ergosterol depletion.
- Griseofulvin disrupts fungal mitotic spindle formation, preventing cell division.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the functions and types of the immune system. This quiz covers topics such as the maintenance of host cells, tissues, and organs, prevention of infections by microorganisms and tumors, and the innate immunity or resistance.
