Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the sensory nervous system?
What is the main function of the sensory nervous system?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscles?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscles?
Which division of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord?
Which division of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord?
What is the function of the afferent nerves?
What is the function of the afferent nerves?
Signup and view all the answers
Which system controls involuntary processes in the body?
Which system controls involuntary processes in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of the motor nervous system?
What is the role of the motor nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the autonomic nervous system primarily control?
What does the autonomic nervous system primarily control?
Signup and view all the answers
Which classification of nerves carries information away from the CNS?
Which classification of nerves carries information away from the CNS?
Signup and view all the answers
What types of muscles does the autonomic nervous system control?
What types of muscles does the autonomic nervous system control?
Signup and view all the answers
Which neurotransmitter is NOT associated with the autonomic nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter is NOT associated with the autonomic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of the autonomic nervous system?
What is the primary role of the autonomic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organ is innervated only by the sympathetic nervous system?
Which organ is innervated only by the sympathetic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement about the autonomic nervous system is true?
Which statement about the autonomic nervous system is true?
Signup and view all the answers
Where do the lateral horn cells of the spinal cord originate in the autonomic nervous system?
Where do the lateral horn cells of the spinal cord originate in the autonomic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes tonic activity in the autonomic nervous system?
What characterizes tonic activity in the autonomic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement correctly distinguishes between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
Which statement correctly distinguishes between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
Signup and view all the answers
Which function is primarily associated with the integration of sensory information within the nervous system?
Which function is primarily associated with the integration of sensory information within the nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main component of the peripheral nervous system?
What is the main component of the peripheral nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the motor nervous system controls voluntary skeletal muscles?
Which part of the motor nervous system controls voluntary skeletal muscles?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of nerve carries information to the central nervous system about environmental changes?
Which type of nerve carries information to the central nervous system about environmental changes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key characteristic of the autonomic nervous system?
What is a key characteristic of the autonomic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
The sensory nervous system includes which of the following components?
The sensory nervous system includes which of the following components?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement best describes the role of the autonomic nervous system's subdivisions?
Which statement best describes the role of the autonomic nervous system's subdivisions?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of efferent nerves in the nervous system?
What is the primary function of efferent nerves in the nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about autonomic ganglia is correct?
Which of the following statements about autonomic ganglia is correct?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of regulation does the autonomic nervous system primarily provide?
What type of regulation does the autonomic nervous system primarily provide?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the origin of the lateral horn cells in the autonomic nervous system?
What is the origin of the lateral horn cells in the autonomic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organs are exclusively supplied by the sympathetic nervous system?
Which organs are exclusively supplied by the sympathetic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement about the tonic activity of the autonomic nervous system is true?
Which statement about the tonic activity of the autonomic nervous system is true?
Signup and view all the answers
Where does the autonomic nervous system center primarily reside?
Where does the autonomic nervous system center primarily reside?
Signup and view all the answers
In which situation does the parasympathetic nervous system primarily operate?
In which situation does the parasympathetic nervous system primarily operate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which neurotransmitter is utilized in most postganglionic sympathetic neurons?
Which neurotransmitter is utilized in most postganglionic sympathetic neurons?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the sensory nervous system?
What is the primary function of the sensory nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which division of the nervous system is involved in the control of involuntary processes?
Which division of the nervous system is involved in the control of involuntary processes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves?
Which part of the nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes the autonomic nervous system?
What characterizes the autonomic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of neuron carries information from the sensory receptors to the central nervous system?
Which type of neuron carries information from the sensory receptors to the central nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
How is the motor nervous system primarily categorized?
How is the motor nervous system primarily categorized?
Signup and view all the answers
The afferent division of the nervous system is responsible for what function?
The afferent division of the nervous system is responsible for what function?
Signup and view all the answers
Which system controls muscle movements consciously?
Which system controls muscle movements consciously?
Signup and view all the answers
Which component of the autonomic nervous system is primarily responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
Which component of the autonomic nervous system is primarily responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on heart rate?
What is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on heart rate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the postganglionic sympathetic neurons?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the postganglionic sympathetic neurons?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following does NOT receive dual innervation from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
Which of the following does NOT receive dual innervation from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
Signup and view all the answers
Where are the lateral horn cells (LHCs) of the spinal cord located?
Where are the lateral horn cells (LHCs) of the spinal cord located?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does acetylcholine play in the autonomic nervous system?
What role does acetylcholine play in the autonomic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
What function does the autonomic nervous system NOT regulate?
What function does the autonomic nervous system NOT regulate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement about the autonomic nervous system is correct?
Which statement about the autonomic nervous system is correct?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine in the autonomic nervous system?
What is the role of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine in the autonomic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organ receives only sympathetic innervation?
Which organ receives only sympathetic innervation?
Signup and view all the answers
Where does the autonomic nervous system primarily originate?
Where does the autonomic nervous system primarily originate?
Signup and view all the answers
What does dual innervation in the autonomic nervous system refer to?
What does dual innervation in the autonomic nervous system refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect do the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems typically have on the same organ?
What effect do the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems typically have on the same organ?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about the parasympathetic nervous system is true?
Which of the following statements about the parasympathetic nervous system is true?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the sensory nervous system?
What is the primary function of the sensory nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
The motor nervous system is responsible for what main function?
The motor nervous system is responsible for what main function?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following components is NOT part of the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following components is NOT part of the autonomic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which function is primarily associated with the afferent nerves?
Which function is primarily associated with the afferent nerves?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes the somatic nervous system from the autonomic nervous system?
What distinguishes the somatic nervous system from the autonomic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the nervous system contains cranial and spinal nerves?
Which part of the nervous system contains cranial and spinal nerves?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the autonomic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
How is the autonomic nervous system functionally characterized?
How is the autonomic nervous system functionally characterized?
Signup and view all the answers
Which function of the nervous system involves processing sensory information from different body parts?
Which function of the nervous system involves processing sensory information from different body parts?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the motor nervous system mainly control?
What does the motor nervous system mainly control?
Signup and view all the answers
Which division of the nervous system conducts information away from the central nervous system?
Which division of the nervous system conducts information away from the central nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
The autonomic nervous system is primarily concerned with which type of processes?
The autonomic nervous system is primarily concerned with which type of processes?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes the somatic nervous system from the autonomic nervous system?
What distinguishes the somatic nervous system from the autonomic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for sensory reception of special sensations like vision and sound?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for sensory reception of special sensations like vision and sound?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main role of afferent nerves in the nervous system?
What is the main role of afferent nerves in the nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which component is NOT part of the autonomic nervous system?
Which component is NOT part of the autonomic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which neurotransmitter is associated with both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems' effects on the same organ?
What characterizes the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems' effects on the same organ?
Signup and view all the answers
Which structures in the autonomic nervous system are present as part of its organization?
Which structures in the autonomic nervous system are present as part of its organization?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organ is innervated solely by the sympathetic nervous system?
Which organ is innervated solely by the sympathetic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement accurately describes the tonic activity in the autonomic nervous system?
Which statement accurately describes the tonic activity in the autonomic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Where do the lateral horn cells of the spinal cord originate in the autonomic nervous system?
Where do the lateral horn cells of the spinal cord originate in the autonomic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes the role of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following best describes the role of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following organs does NOT receive dual innervation from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
Which of the following organs does NOT receive dual innervation from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Functions of the Nervous System
- The nervous system receives sensory information, processes it, and generates responses.
- Sensory information includes general sensations like touch, pressure, temperature, and pain, as well as special sensations like taste, smell, vision, and hearing.
Divisions of the Nervous System
- Anatomically, the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (cranial nerves and spinal nerves).
- Physiologically, the nervous system is divided into the sensory and motor nervous systems.
- The sensory nervous system receives information from the body's internal and external environments.
- The motor nervous system controls responses, further divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
- The somatic nervous system controls voluntary skeletal muscle movements.
- The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary processes within the body.
Sensory Nervous System
- Consists of sensory neurons, pathways, and brain regions involved in sensory perception.
Motor Nervous System
- Responsible for generating voluntary movements.
- Sends motor plans to effector muscles through descending tracts.
Autonomic Nervous System
- Regulates and controls involuntary processes in the body.
- Controls cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and exocrine glands.
- Uses two efferent neurons (pre- and post-ganglionic) to regulate activities, either excitatory or inhibitory.
- Neurotransmitters include acetylcholine and norepinephrine.
- Contains autonomic ganglia.
- Originates in the lateral horn cells of the spinal cord.
- Controlled by centers in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, brainstem, and spinal cord.
- Divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems
- These systems work antagonistically, typically producing opposite effects on the same organ.
- The sympathetic system dominates in stressful situations, preparing the body for "fight or flight" responses.
- The parasympathetic system dominates in restful states, promoting "rest and digest" functions.
- Both systems innervate most organs, except for skin, sweat glands, spleen, skeletal muscle blood vessels, and the adrenal gland, which are solely supplied by the sympathetic system.
- The parasympathetic system is generally considered an anabolic system, which builds up and stores energy.
- The adrenal gland is a modified sympathetic ganglion.
Functions of the Nervous System
- The nervous system is responsible for sensory reception, integration of sensory information, and motor responses.
- Sensory functions include receiving general sensory information (touch, pressure, temperature, pain, vibration) and special sensations (taste, smell, vision, sound).
- The nervous system integrates sensory information from different parts of the body and processes them.
- Motor functions of the nervous system generate responses.
Divisions of the Nervous System
- The nervous system is divided anatomically into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
- The CNS comprises the brain and spinal cord.
- The PNS consists of cranial nerves (12) and spinal nerves (31).
- The nervous system is physiologically divided into the sensory nervous system and the motor nervous system.
- The sensory nervous system receives sensations from both external and internal environments.
- The motor nervous system controls responses, further divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
- The somatic nervous system controls voluntary skeletal muscle movements.
- The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary processes within the body.
- Nerves are functionally categorized as afferent or efferent:
- Afferent nerves carry sensory information from the body to the CNS.
- Efferent nerves transmit orders from the CNS to effector organs like muscles and glands.
Sensory Nervous System
- The sensory nervous system comprises sensory neurons, neural pathways, and brain regions involved in sensory perception.
Motor Nervous System
- The motor system generates voluntary movement.
- It sends motor plans via descending tracts to effector muscles.
Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous System
- The autonomic nervous system regulates and controls involuntary processes in the body.
- The autonomic nervous system controls:
- Cardiac muscles
- Smooth muscles
- Exocrine glands
Features of the Autonomic Nervous System
- Efferent neurons: Composed of two efferent neurons (pre- and post-ganglionic).
- Role: Regulates processes via excitatory or inhibitory mechanisms.
- Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine or norepinephrine.
- Autonomic ganglia: Present.
- Origin: Lateral horn cells (LHCs) of the spinal cord.
- Center: Cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, brainstem, and spinal cord.
- Types: Sympathetic and parasympathetic.
Autonomic Nervous System: Functions
- The autonomic nervous system controls a wide range of involuntary processes, including:
- Arterial pressure
- Gastrointestinal motility and secretion
- Urinary bladder emptying
- Sweating
- Body temperature
Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
- The ANS is composed of two distinct divisions:
- The sympathetic system
- The parasympathetic system
Key Features of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems
- Tonic activity: Both systems exhibit continuous mild activity.
- Dual Innervation: Both systems innervate most organs, except for:
- Skin
- Sweat glands
- Spleen
- Skeletal muscle blood vessels
- Suprarenal gland (adrenal gland)
- These exceptions are solely supplied by the sympathetic system.
- Antagonistic effects: The effects of the two systems on the same organ are usually antagonistic (opposite) except in salivary glands and genital organs.
Let’s Think Together
- The nervous system is divided anatomically into somatic and autonomic nervous systems. False
- The somatic nervous system controls involuntary processes inside the body. False
- The center of the autonomic nervous system is only in the cerebral cortex. False
- The adrenal gland is a modified sympathetic ganglia. True
- The parasympathetic nervous system predominates in stressful situations. False
- The parasympathetic nervous system is an anabolic system. True
Functions of the Nervous System
- The nervous system receives sensory information from the body, processes it, and generates responses.
- Sensory information includes general senses (touch, pressure, temperature, pain) and special senses (taste, smell, vision, hearing).
- The nervous system integrates sensory information from different parts of the body.
Divisions of the Nervous System
- The nervous system is divided into the central and peripheral nervous systems.
- The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord.
- The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes cranial nerves (12) and spinal nerves (31).
- The nervous system is also divided based on function into sensory and motor systems.
- The sensory system relays sensory information to the CNS.
- The motor system transmits commands from the CNS to the effector organs (muscles and glands).
- The motor system is further divided into somatic and autonomic systems.
- The somatic system controls voluntary skeletal muscles.
- The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary processes.
The Autonomic Nervous System
- The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates involuntary processes within the body.
- The ANS controls:
- Cardiac muscles
- Smooth muscles
- Exocrine glands
- The ANS uses two efferent neurons to transmit signals: a preganglionic neuron and a postganglionic neuron.
- The ANS can either excite or inhibit target organs.
- Neurotransmitters used by the ANS include acetylcholine and norepinephrine.
- The ANS has centers in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord.
Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
- The ANS is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
- Both systems have tonic activity, meaning there is a baseline level of activity in both systems.
- Most organs are innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
- The effects of the two systems on the same organ are often antagonistic (opposite).
- Exceptions to dual innervation include:
- Skin
- Sweat glands
- Spleen
- Skeletal muscle blood vessels
- Suprarenal gland (adrenal gland)
- These organs are only innervated by the sympathetic system.
Key Points to Remember
- The nervous system is not divided anatomically into somatic and autonomic systems.
- The somatic nervous system controls voluntary processes.
- The center of the autonomic nervous system is not solely in the cerebral cortex, but in other regions as well.
- The adrenal gland is a modified sympathetic ganglion.
- The parasympathetic nervous system is not the dominant system during stressful situations; the sympathetic nervous system is.
- The parasympathetic nervous system is considered an anabolic system, promoting growth and storage.
Functions of the Nervous System
- The nervous system receives sensory information, integrates it and generates motor responses.
- Sensory functions include general senses (touch, pressure, temperature, pain) and special senses (taste, smell, vision, hearing).
Divisions of the Nervous System
- The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord.
- The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of cranial nerves (12 pairs) and spinal nerves (31 pairs).
- The sensory nervous system is responsible for receiving sensory information from internal and external environments.
- The motor nervous system controls movement and is further divided into:
- Somatic nervous system: controls voluntary skeletal muscle movements.
- Autonomic nervous system: controls involuntary processes like heart rate, digestion, and breathing.
- Afferent nerves carry sensory information to the CNS.
- Efferent nerves carry motor commands from the CNS to effector organs (muscles and glands).
Motor Nervous System
- The motor system generates voluntary movement and sends motor commands to effector muscles via descending tracts.
Autonomic Nervous System
- The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary processes in the body.
- It controls cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and exocrine glands.
- The autonomic nervous system uses two efferent neurons (pre- and post-ganglionic) to control its targets.
- Neurotransmitters used by the autonomic nervous system include acetylcholine and norepinephrine.
Autonomic Nervous System Function
- It helps regulate:
- Arterial pressure
- Gastrointestinal motility and secretion
- Urinary bladder emptying
- Sweating
- Body temperature
Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
- The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
- Both systems exhibit tonic activity, meaning they are constantly active at a low level.
- Most organs are innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, often with opposing effects.
- Exceptions to dual innervation: skin, sweat glands, spleen, skeletal muscle blood vessels, and suprarenal glands receive sympathetic innervation only.
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic System Effects
- The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems generally have antagonistic effects.
-
Exceptions to antagonistic effects:
- Both systems stimulate salivary gland secretion.
- Both systems have effects on genital organs.
True or False about Autonomic Nervous System
- False: The nervous system is divided anatomically into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. (The correct statement is that the nervous system is divided physiologically into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems).
- False: The somatic nervous system controls involuntary processes inside the body (The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movement).
- False: The center of the autonomic nervous system is in the cerebral cortex only. (The autonomic nervous system is controlled by the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, brainstem, and spinal cord).
- True: The adrenal gland is a modified sympathetic ganglia.
- False: The parasympathetic nervous system predominates in stressful situations. (The sympathetic nervous system predominates in stressful situations).
- True: The parasympathetic nervous system is an anabolic system. (It promotes growth and energy storage).
Functions of The Nervous System
- Sensory: Receives information from both internal and external environment.
- Integration: Processes and combines sensory information from multiple sources.
- Motor: Generates responses based on processed information.
Divisions Of the Nervous System
-
Anatomically:
- Central: Brain and Spinal cord.
- Peripheral: Cranial nerves (12) and Spinal nerves (31).
-
Physiologically:
- Sensory: Receives information from the environment.
-
Motor:
- Somatic: Controls voluntary skeletal muscle movement.
- Autonomic: Regulates involuntary processes within the body.
-
Functionally:
- Afferent: Carries sensory information to the Central Nervous System (CNS).
- Efferent: Transmits commands from the CNS to effector organs.
Sensory Nervous System
- Responsible for processing sensory information.
- Consists of sensory neurons, neural pathways, and sensory perception areas in the brain.
Motor Nervous System
- Responsible for generating and controlling voluntary movement.
- Sends motor commands to muscles via descending tracts.
Physiology of Autonomic Nervous System
-
Anatomically:
- Central: Brain and spinal cord.
- Peripheral: Cranial nerves (12) and Spinal nerves (31).
-
Physiologically:
- Somatic: Controls voluntary skeletal muscle movement.
- Autonomic: Concerned with involuntary control of visceral functions (heart, digestion, etc.).
Autonomic Nervous System
- Controls involuntary processes in the body like:
- Cardiac muscle
- Smooth muscle
- Exocrine glands
- Efferent neuron: Composed of two neurons (pre & post ganglionic)
- Role: Regulation (excitatory or Inhibitory)
- Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine or norepinephrine.
- Autonomic ganglia: Present along the pathways.
- Origin: Lateral horn cells (LHCs) of spinal cord.
- Center: Cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, brain stem, spinal cord.
- Types: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic.
Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
- Composed of two distinct divisions:
- Sympathetic System
- Parasympathetic System
- Tonic activity: Both systems exhibit continuous mild activity.
-
Dual innervations: Both systems innervate most organs, except:
- Skin
- Sweat glands
- Spleen
- Skeletal muscle blood vessels
- Suprarenal gland (adrenal gland)
- These are supplied by the sympathetic system ONLY.
- Antagonistic effects: The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems generally have opposite effects on the same organ, except in salivary glands and genital organs.
True/False Statements
- The nervous system is divided anatomically into somatic and autonomic nervous systems. False.
- The somatic nervous system controls involuntary processes inside the body. False.
- The center of the autonomic nervous system is in the cerebral cortex only. False.
- The adrenal gland is a modified sympathetic ganglia. True.
- The parasympathetic nervous system predominates in stressful situations. False.
- The parasympathetic nervous system is an anabolic system. True.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Explore the essential functions and divisions of the nervous system in this quiz. Learn how the system processes sensory information and generates responses, along with its anatomical and physiological divisions. Test your understanding of sensory and motor systems, including the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.