Functions and Divisions of the Nervous System
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of the sensory nervous system?

  • To process sensory information (correct)
  • To send commands to muscles
  • To regulate heartbeats
  • To generate voluntary movements
  • Which part of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscles?

  • Autonomic nervous system
  • Sensory nervous system
  • Central nervous system
  • Motor nervous system (correct)
  • Which division of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord?

  • Peripheral nervous system
  • Sensory nervous system
  • Autonomic nervous system
  • Central nervous system (correct)
  • What is the function of the afferent nerves?

    <p>To relay sensory information to the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system controls involuntary processes in the body?

    <p>Autonomic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the motor nervous system?

    <p>To generate voluntary movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the autonomic nervous system primarily control?

    <p>Visceral activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification of nerves carries information away from the CNS?

    <p>Efferent nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of muscles does the autonomic nervous system control?

    <p>Cardiac muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is NOT associated with the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Regulation of involuntary processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is innervated only by the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Sweat glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the autonomic nervous system is true?

    <p>The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems have opposing effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the lateral horn cells of the spinal cord originate in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes tonic activity in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>It is a continuous mild activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly distinguishes between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

    <p>The parasympathetic system predominates in restful situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is primarily associated with the integration of sensory information within the nervous system?

    <p>Processing sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Cranial nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the motor nervous system controls voluntary skeletal muscles?

    <p>Somatic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nerve carries information to the central nervous system about environmental changes?

    <p>Afferent nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>It controls unconscious visceral functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sensory nervous system includes which of the following components?

    <p>Sensory neurons and receptor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the role of the autonomic nervous system's subdivisions?

    <p>Somatic is responsible for voluntary muscles; autonomic manages involuntary functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of efferent nerves in the nervous system?

    <p>To transmit orders from the CNS to effectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about autonomic ganglia is correct?

    <p>They are present in both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of regulation does the autonomic nervous system primarily provide?

    <p>Excitatory or inhibitory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the lateral horn cells in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organs are exclusively supplied by the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Spleen and suprarenal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the tonic activity of the autonomic nervous system is true?

    <p>Tonic activity is a constant low-level response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the autonomic nervous system center primarily reside?

    <p>Cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and brain stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation does the parasympathetic nervous system primarily operate?

    <p>To promote anabolic processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is utilized in most postganglionic sympathetic neurons?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sensory nervous system?

    <p>Processing and perceiving sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the nervous system is involved in the control of involuntary processes?

    <p>Autonomic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves?

    <p>Peripheral nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Manages unconscious control of visceral activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron carries information from the sensory receptors to the central nervous system?

    <p>Afferent neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the motor nervous system primarily categorized?

    <p>Somatic and autonomic systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The afferent division of the nervous system is responsible for what function?

    <p>Carrying information to the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system controls muscle movements consciously?

    <p>Somatic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the autonomic nervous system is primarily responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

    <p>Sympathetic System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on heart rate?

    <p>Slows down heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the postganglionic sympathetic neurons?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT receive dual innervation from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

    <p>Skeletal muscle blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the lateral horn cells (LHCs) of the spinal cord located?

    <p>Spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does acetylcholine play in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>It serves as a primary neurotransmitter for both divisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the autonomic nervous system NOT regulate?

    <p>Skeletal muscle movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the autonomic nervous system is correct?

    <p>It has two divisions, sympathetic and parasympathetic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Skeletal muscle movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Influences heart rate and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Sympathetic and Parasympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ receives only sympathetic innervation?

    <p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the autonomic nervous system primarily originate?

    <p>Lateral horn cells of spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does dual innervation in the autonomic nervous system refer to?

    <p>Suppling the same organ with sympathetic and parasympathetic inputs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems typically have on the same organ?

    <p>Their effects are generally antagonistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the parasympathetic nervous system is true?

    <p>It is associated with anabolic processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sensory nervous system?

    <p>Processing and recognizing sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The motor nervous system is responsible for what main function?

    <p>Generating voluntary movement responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is NOT part of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Somatic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is primarily associated with the afferent nerves?

    <p>Carrying sensory information to the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the somatic nervous system from the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Somatic controls voluntary actions while autonomic regulates involuntary processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system contains cranial and spinal nerves?

    <p>Peripheral nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>It regulates unconscious bodily functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the autonomic nervous system functionally characterized?

    <p>It controls involuntary processes unconsciously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function of the nervous system involves processing sensory information from different body parts?

    <p>Integration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the motor nervous system mainly control?

    <p>Skeletal muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the nervous system conducts information away from the central nervous system?

    <p>Efferent nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The autonomic nervous system is primarily concerned with which type of processes?

    <p>Involuntary processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the somatic nervous system from the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>The somatic system controls voluntary functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is responsible for sensory reception of special sensations like vision and sound?

    <p>Sensory nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of afferent nerves in the nervous system?

    <p>To send signals to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Somatic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is associated with both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems' effects on the same organ?

    <p>Their effects are usually antagonistic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures in the autonomic nervous system are present as part of its organization?

    <p>Autonomic ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is innervated solely by the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the tonic activity in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>It represents continuous mild activity in the autonomic system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the lateral horn cells of the spinal cord originate in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>In the thoracic and upper lumbar segments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>It is considered an anabolic system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs does NOT receive dual innervation from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

    <p>Sweat glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Functions of the Nervous System

    • The nervous system receives sensory information, processes it, and generates responses.
    • Sensory information includes general sensations like touch, pressure, temperature, and pain, as well as special sensations like taste, smell, vision, and hearing.

    Divisions of the Nervous System

    • Anatomically, the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (cranial nerves and spinal nerves).
    • Physiologically, the nervous system is divided into the sensory and motor nervous systems.
    • The sensory nervous system receives information from the body's internal and external environments.
    • The motor nervous system controls responses, further divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
    • The somatic nervous system controls voluntary skeletal muscle movements.
    • The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary processes within the body.

    Sensory Nervous System

    • Consists of sensory neurons, pathways, and brain regions involved in sensory perception.

    Motor Nervous System

    • Responsible for generating voluntary movements.
    • Sends motor plans to effector muscles through descending tracts.

    Autonomic Nervous System

    • Regulates and controls involuntary processes in the body.
    • Controls cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and exocrine glands.
    • Uses two efferent neurons (pre- and post-ganglionic) to regulate activities, either excitatory or inhibitory.
    • Neurotransmitters include acetylcholine and norepinephrine.
    • Contains autonomic ganglia.
    • Originates in the lateral horn cells of the spinal cord.
    • Controlled by centers in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, brainstem, and spinal cord.
    • Divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

    Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems

    • These systems work antagonistically, typically producing opposite effects on the same organ.
    • The sympathetic system dominates in stressful situations, preparing the body for "fight or flight" responses.
    • The parasympathetic system dominates in restful states, promoting "rest and digest" functions.
    • Both systems innervate most organs, except for skin, sweat glands, spleen, skeletal muscle blood vessels, and the adrenal gland, which are solely supplied by the sympathetic system.
    • The parasympathetic system is generally considered an anabolic system, which builds up and stores energy.
    • The adrenal gland is a modified sympathetic ganglion.

    Functions of the Nervous System

    • The nervous system is responsible for sensory reception, integration of sensory information, and motor responses.
    • Sensory functions include receiving general sensory information (touch, pressure, temperature, pain, vibration) and special sensations (taste, smell, vision, sound).
    • The nervous system integrates sensory information from different parts of the body and processes them.
    • Motor functions of the nervous system generate responses.

    Divisions of the Nervous System

    • The nervous system is divided anatomically into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
      • The CNS comprises the brain and spinal cord.
      • The PNS consists of cranial nerves (12) and spinal nerves (31).
    • The nervous system is physiologically divided into the sensory nervous system and the motor nervous system.
      • The sensory nervous system receives sensations from both external and internal environments.
      • The motor nervous system controls responses, further divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
        • The somatic nervous system controls voluntary skeletal muscle movements.
        • The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary processes within the body.
      • Nerves are functionally categorized as afferent or efferent:
        • Afferent nerves carry sensory information from the body to the CNS.
        • Efferent nerves transmit orders from the CNS to effector organs like muscles and glands.

    Sensory Nervous System

    • The sensory nervous system comprises sensory neurons, neural pathways, and brain regions involved in sensory perception.

    Motor Nervous System

    • The motor system generates voluntary movement.
    • It sends motor plans via descending tracts to effector muscles.

    Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous System

    • The autonomic nervous system regulates and controls involuntary processes in the body.
    • The autonomic nervous system controls:
      • Cardiac muscles
      • Smooth muscles
      • Exocrine glands

    Features of the Autonomic Nervous System

    • Efferent neurons: Composed of two efferent neurons (pre- and post-ganglionic).
    • Role: Regulates processes via excitatory or inhibitory mechanisms.
    • Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine or norepinephrine.
    • Autonomic ganglia: Present.
    • Origin: Lateral horn cells (LHCs) of the spinal cord.
    • Center: Cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, brainstem, and spinal cord.
    • Types: Sympathetic and parasympathetic.

    Autonomic Nervous System: Functions

    • The autonomic nervous system controls a wide range of involuntary processes, including:
      • Arterial pressure
      • Gastrointestinal motility and secretion
      • Urinary bladder emptying
      • Sweating
      • Body temperature

    Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

    • The ANS is composed of two distinct divisions:
      • The sympathetic system
      • The parasympathetic system

    Key Features of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems

    • Tonic activity: Both systems exhibit continuous mild activity.
    • Dual Innervation: Both systems innervate most organs, except for:
      • Skin
      • Sweat glands
      • Spleen
      • Skeletal muscle blood vessels
      • Suprarenal gland (adrenal gland)
    • These exceptions are solely supplied by the sympathetic system.
    • Antagonistic effects: The effects of the two systems on the same organ are usually antagonistic (opposite) except in salivary glands and genital organs.

    Let’s Think Together

    • The nervous system is divided anatomically into somatic and autonomic nervous systems. False
    • The somatic nervous system controls involuntary processes inside the body. False
    • The center of the autonomic nervous system is only in the cerebral cortex. False
    • The adrenal gland is a modified sympathetic ganglia. True
    • The parasympathetic nervous system predominates in stressful situations. False
    • The parasympathetic nervous system is an anabolic system. True

    Functions of the Nervous System

    • The nervous system receives sensory information from the body, processes it, and generates responses.
    • Sensory information includes general senses (touch, pressure, temperature, pain) and special senses (taste, smell, vision, hearing).
    • The nervous system integrates sensory information from different parts of the body.

    Divisions of the Nervous System

    • The nervous system is divided into the central and peripheral nervous systems.
      • The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord.
      • The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes cranial nerves (12) and spinal nerves (31).
    • The nervous system is also divided based on function into sensory and motor systems.
      • The sensory system relays sensory information to the CNS.
      • The motor system transmits commands from the CNS to the effector organs (muscles and glands).
      • The motor system is further divided into somatic and autonomic systems.
        • The somatic system controls voluntary skeletal muscles.
        • The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary processes.

    The Autonomic Nervous System

    • The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates involuntary processes within the body.
    • The ANS controls:
      • Cardiac muscles
      • Smooth muscles
      • Exocrine glands
    • The ANS uses two efferent neurons to transmit signals: a preganglionic neuron and a postganglionic neuron.
    • The ANS can either excite or inhibit target organs.
    • Neurotransmitters used by the ANS include acetylcholine and norepinephrine.
    • The ANS has centers in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord.

    Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

    • The ANS is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
    • Both systems have tonic activity, meaning there is a baseline level of activity in both systems.
    • Most organs are innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
    • The effects of the two systems on the same organ are often antagonistic (opposite).
    • Exceptions to dual innervation include:
      • Skin
      • Sweat glands
      • Spleen
      • Skeletal muscle blood vessels
      • Suprarenal gland (adrenal gland)
      • These organs are only innervated by the sympathetic system.

    Key Points to Remember

    • The nervous system is not divided anatomically into somatic and autonomic systems.
    • The somatic nervous system controls voluntary processes.
    • The center of the autonomic nervous system is not solely in the cerebral cortex, but in other regions as well.
    • The adrenal gland is a modified sympathetic ganglion.
    • The parasympathetic nervous system is not the dominant system during stressful situations; the sympathetic nervous system is.
    • The parasympathetic nervous system is considered an anabolic system, promoting growth and storage.

    Functions of the Nervous System

    • The nervous system receives sensory information, integrates it and generates motor responses.
    • Sensory functions include general senses (touch, pressure, temperature, pain) and special senses (taste, smell, vision, hearing).

    Divisions of the Nervous System

    • The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord.
    • The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of cranial nerves (12 pairs) and spinal nerves (31 pairs).
    • The sensory nervous system is responsible for receiving sensory information from internal and external environments.
    • The motor nervous system controls movement and is further divided into:
      • Somatic nervous system: controls voluntary skeletal muscle movements.
      • Autonomic nervous system: controls involuntary processes like heart rate, digestion, and breathing.
    • Afferent nerves carry sensory information to the CNS.
    • Efferent nerves carry motor commands from the CNS to effector organs (muscles and glands).

    Motor Nervous System

    • The motor system generates voluntary movement and sends motor commands to effector muscles via descending tracts.

    Autonomic Nervous System

    • The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary processes in the body.
    • It controls cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and exocrine glands.
    • The autonomic nervous system uses two efferent neurons (pre- and post-ganglionic) to control its targets.
    • Neurotransmitters used by the autonomic nervous system include acetylcholine and norepinephrine.

    Autonomic Nervous System Function

    • It helps regulate:
      • Arterial pressure
      • Gastrointestinal motility and secretion
      • Urinary bladder emptying
      • Sweating
      • Body temperature

    Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

    • The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
    • Both systems exhibit tonic activity, meaning they are constantly active at a low level.
    • Most organs are innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, often with opposing effects.
    • Exceptions to dual innervation: skin, sweat glands, spleen, skeletal muscle blood vessels, and suprarenal glands receive sympathetic innervation only.

    Sympathetic and Parasympathetic System Effects

    • The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems generally have antagonistic effects.
    • Exceptions to antagonistic effects:
      • Both systems stimulate salivary gland secretion.
      • Both systems have effects on genital organs.

    True or False about Autonomic Nervous System

    • False: The nervous system is divided anatomically into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. (The correct statement is that the nervous system is divided physiologically into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems).
    • False: The somatic nervous system controls involuntary processes inside the body (The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movement).
    • False: The center of the autonomic nervous system is in the cerebral cortex only. (The autonomic nervous system is controlled by the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, brainstem, and spinal cord).
    • True: The adrenal gland is a modified sympathetic ganglia.
    • False: The parasympathetic nervous system predominates in stressful situations. (The sympathetic nervous system predominates in stressful situations).
    • True: The parasympathetic nervous system is an anabolic system. (It promotes growth and energy storage).

    Functions of The Nervous System

    • Sensory: Receives information from both internal and external environment.
    • Integration: Processes and combines sensory information from multiple sources.
    • Motor: Generates responses based on processed information.

    Divisions Of the Nervous System

    • Anatomically:
      • Central: Brain and Spinal cord.
      • Peripheral: Cranial nerves (12) and Spinal nerves (31).
    • Physiologically:
      • Sensory: Receives information from the environment.
      • Motor:
        • Somatic: Controls voluntary skeletal muscle movement.
        • Autonomic: Regulates involuntary processes within the body.
    • Functionally:
      • Afferent: Carries sensory information to the Central Nervous System (CNS).
      • Efferent: Transmits commands from the CNS to effector organs.

    Sensory Nervous System

    • Responsible for processing sensory information.
    • Consists of sensory neurons, neural pathways, and sensory perception areas in the brain.

    Motor Nervous System

    • Responsible for generating and controlling voluntary movement.
    • Sends motor commands to muscles via descending tracts.

    Physiology of Autonomic Nervous System

    • Anatomically:
      • Central: Brain and spinal cord.
      • Peripheral: Cranial nerves (12) and Spinal nerves (31).
    • Physiologically:
      • Somatic: Controls voluntary skeletal muscle movement.
      • Autonomic: Concerned with involuntary control of visceral functions (heart, digestion, etc.).

    Autonomic Nervous System

    • Controls involuntary processes in the body like:
      • Cardiac muscle
      • Smooth muscle
      • Exocrine glands
    • Efferent neuron: Composed of two neurons (pre & post ganglionic)
    • Role: Regulation (excitatory or Inhibitory)
    • Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine or norepinephrine.
    • Autonomic ganglia: Present along the pathways.
    • Origin: Lateral horn cells (LHCs) of spinal cord.
    • Center: Cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, brain stem, spinal cord.
    • Types: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic.

    Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

    • Composed of two distinct divisions:
      • Sympathetic System
      • Parasympathetic System
    • Tonic activity: Both systems exhibit continuous mild activity.
    • Dual innervations: Both systems innervate most organs, except:
      • Skin
      • Sweat glands
      • Spleen
      • Skeletal muscle blood vessels
      • Suprarenal gland (adrenal gland)
      • These are supplied by the sympathetic system ONLY.
    • Antagonistic effects: The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems generally have opposite effects on the same organ, except in salivary glands and genital organs.

    True/False Statements

    • The nervous system is divided anatomically into somatic and autonomic nervous systems. False.
    • The somatic nervous system controls involuntary processes inside the body. False.
    • The center of the autonomic nervous system is in the cerebral cortex only. False.
    • The adrenal gland is a modified sympathetic ganglia. True.
    • The parasympathetic nervous system predominates in stressful situations. False.
    • The parasympathetic nervous system is an anabolic system. True.

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    Explore the essential functions and divisions of the nervous system in this quiz. Learn how the system processes sensory information and generates responses, along with its anatomical and physiological divisions. Test your understanding of sensory and motor systems, including the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

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