Questions and Answers
What is the primary mechanism through which recovery after CNS damage is poorly understood?
What phenomenon occurs as a direct result of damage to the CNS, affecting recovery?
After the reduction of edema following CNS damage, what is a common issue faced by individuals?
How can individuals learn to compensate for lost functions after CNS damage?
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What aspect of an individual's characteristics plays a significant role in their capacity for recovery after CNS damage?
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What is often confused with actual CNS regeneration during the recovery process?
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What is the role of higher cognitive reserve in recovery after brain damage?
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What happens during an ischemic stroke?
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What were the results of the animal study involving physical rehab after motor area damage?
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What is the primary mechanism used in constraint-induced therapy for stroke rehabilitation?
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Which change is NOT associated with an enriched environment for rodent studies?
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What is one benefit of exercise shown in animal studies related to neuroplastic changes?
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Which condition has NOT been shown to benefit from positive effects of exercise in studies?
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What cognitive effect is commonly linked to increased cognitive and physical exercise?
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What is the consequence of damage to the motor neurons in the human motor cortex?
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Which factor significantly contributes to higher cognitive reserve?
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Study Notes
Functional Recovery After CNS Damage
- Recovery from CNS damage, such as strokes or spinal cord injuries, involves regaining lost functions but mechanisms remain poorly understood.
- Neuroplasticity, the brain's capacity for reorganization, differs from regeneration; CNS can reorganize but not regenerate damaged tissue.
- Following CNS damage, edema (swelling) occurs, reducing after 1-2 weeks, leading to potential recovery of function simply due to swelling reduction.
- Cognitive and behavioral strategies can help substitute lost functions, teaching individuals to perform tasks differently rather than regenerating functions.
- Cognitive reserve, influenced by education and intelligence, aids recovery; higher cognitive reserve correlates with better cognitive and functional recovery post-injury.
- Studies show individuals with higher cognitive reserves, like doctors, demonstrate greater recovery from brain damage.
Rehab Training to Promote Recovery After Stroke
- Rehabilitation is critical after strokes, which damage neural tissue, often caused by reduced blood supply.
- Ischemic strokes occur due to blocked blood vessels; hemorrhagic strokes result from ruptured vessels releasing toxic substances into neural tissue.
- Damage to specific motor cortices affects muscle movement; rehabilitation involves relearning motor control.
- An animal study demonstrated significant recovery in monkeys trained to use affected hands, highlighting the importance of physical rehab post-CNS damage.
- Constraint-induced therapy involves immobilizing the functioning hand to encourage use of the affected arm, leading to cortical reorganization and improved arm use.
Effects of Cognitive and Physical Exercise
- Enriched environments for animals promote cognitive training and physical activity, leading to positive neuroplastic changes.
- Key findings include increased dendritic branching, more dendritic spines, larger synapses, enhanced neurogenesis, and higher neurotrophic factor levels.
- Exercise significantly impacts neuroplastic changes; rodent studies show running improves neurogenesis in the hippocampus and enhances memory and spatial navigation.
- Exercise also reduces age-related neuron decline and the development of amyloid plaques, which are associated with neurodegeneration.
- Positive effects of exercise observed in humans extend to conditions like Huntington’s, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, Down syndrome, and recovery from traumatic brain injuries.
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Description
This quiz explores the mechanisms of regaining lost functions following damage to the Central Nervous System (CNS), such as after a stroke or spinal cord injury. Understand the factors influencing recovery and the role of neuroplasticity in this complex process.
