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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the diaphragm?
What is the main function of the diaphragm?
What keeps the diaphragm alive?
What keeps the diaphragm alive?
To which structures is the diaphragm attached peripherally?
To which structures is the diaphragm attached peripherally?
How many halves does the diaphragm consist of?
How many halves does the diaphragm consist of?
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What shape does each hemidiaphragm form?
What shape does each hemidiaphragm form?
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Why does the dome of the right hemidiaphragm project superiorly more than the left?
Why does the dome of the right hemidiaphragm project superiorly more than the left?
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Which muscle is considered as a major muscle of respiration?
Which muscle is considered as a major muscle of respiration?
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What is altered during respiration and postural changes?
What is altered during respiration and postural changes?
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What is the function of the pleural cavity?
What is the function of the pleural cavity?
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Which nerves supply the innervation of the pleura?
Which nerves supply the innervation of the pleura?
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What is pneumothorax?
What is pneumothorax?
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What is hemothorax?
What is hemothorax?
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What is the weight of the right lung approximately?
What is the weight of the right lung approximately?
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What are the surfaces that the lungs have?
What are the surfaces that the lungs have?
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What is thoracocentesis?
What is thoracocentesis?
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What is a potential space between visceral and parietal pleura, containing a thin film of serous fluid?
What is a potential space between visceral and parietal pleura, containing a thin film of serous fluid?
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What vessels provide oxygenated blood to lung tissues which do not have close access to atmospheric oxygen?
What vessels provide oxygenated blood to lung tissues which do not have close access to atmospheric oxygen?
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Where do the right and left pulmonary arteries originate from?
Where do the right and left pulmonary arteries originate from?
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Which pulmonary artery is longer, passes horizontally across the mediastinum, and passes anteriorly to the tracheal bifurcation?
Which pulmonary artery is longer, passes horizontally across the mediastinum, and passes anteriorly to the tracheal bifurcation?
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Where do the pulmonary veins drain oxygenated blood back to?
Where do the pulmonary veins drain oxygenated blood back to?
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What constitutes the 'nutritive' vascular system of the pulmonary tissues?
What constitutes the 'nutritive' vascular system of the pulmonary tissues?
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Which plexuses lie anteriorly and posteriorly to the tracheal bifurcation and main bronchi?
Which plexuses lie anteriorly and posteriorly to the tracheal bifurcation and main bronchi?
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Where do intrapulmonary vessels & nodes drain into?
Where do intrapulmonary vessels & nodes drain into?
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Where do superficial and deep lymphatics of the lung drain into?
Where do superficial and deep lymphatics of the lung drain into?
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Which structure separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
Which structure separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
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At which vertebral level does the inferior vena cava pass through the central tendon of the diaphragm?
At which vertebral level does the inferior vena cava pass through the central tendon of the diaphragm?
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Which artery supplies the diaphragm with blood?
Which artery supplies the diaphragm with blood?
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Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?
Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?
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During which activity does the diaphragm aid in raising intra-abdominal pressure?
During which activity does the diaphragm aid in raising intra-abdominal pressure?
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Which type of muscle fibers does the diaphragm mainly consist of?
Which type of muscle fibers does the diaphragm mainly consist of?
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What is the most likely diagnosis for a 54-year-old man with a history of smoking two packs of cigarettes per day for 20 years, presenting with acute onset of shortness of breath and chest pain?
What is the most likely diagnosis for a 54-year-old man with a history of smoking two packs of cigarettes per day for 20 years, presenting with acute onset of shortness of breath and chest pain?
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Which structure is attached to the middle part of the central tendon of the diaphragm?
Which structure is attached to the middle part of the central tendon of the diaphragm?
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Which surface of the thoracic wall is adjacent to the ribs and intercostal spaces?
Which surface of the thoracic wall is adjacent to the ribs and intercostal spaces?
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How many lobes does the right lung have?
How many lobes does the right lung have?
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Which fissure separates the inferior lobes from the superior lobes of the right lung?
Which fissure separates the inferior lobes from the superior lobes of the right lung?
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What important structures are adjacent to the medial surface of the right lung?
What important structures are adjacent to the medial surface of the right lung?
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How many lobes does the left lung have?
How many lobes does the left lung have?
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How many bronchopulmonary segments are there in each lung?
How many bronchopulmonary segments are there in each lung?
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What keeps the walls of the bronchi open?
What keeps the walls of the bronchi open?
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Study Notes
- The thoracic wall has two surfaces: costal and mediastinal. The costal surface is adjacent to the ribs and intercostal spaces, while the mediastinal surface is against the mediastinum and vertebral column.
- The right lung has three lobes (upper, middle, and lower) and two fissures (oblique and horizontal). The oblique fissure separates the inferior lobes from the superior lobes, while the horizontal fissure separates the superior lobes from the middle lobes.
- The approximate position of the oblique fissure on the thoracic wall can be marked by a curved line beginning at the spinous process of the TIV level, crossing the fifth interspace laterally, and following the contour of rib VI anteriorly.
- The horizontal fissure follows the fourth intercostal space from the sternum until it meets the oblique fissure as it crosses rib V.
- The right lung's medial surface is adjacent to important structures in the mediastinum and the root of the neck, including the heart, inferior and superior vena cava, azygos vein, esophagus, and the right subclavian artery and vein.
- The left lung is smaller than the right lung and has two lobes separated by an oblique fissure. During quiet respiration, the approximate position of the left oblique fissure can be marked by a curved line beginning between the spinous processes of TIII and TIV, crossing the fifth interspace laterally, and following the contour of rib VI anteriorly.
- The medial surface of the left lung lies adjacent to important structures in the mediastinum and root of the neck, including the heart, aortic arch, thoracic aorta, esophagus, and the left subclavian artery and vein.
- The lungs have a hilum, which contains the pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, primary bronchus, bronchial vessels, nerves, and lymphatics.
- The bronchial tree includes the main bronchus, lobar bronchi, and segmental bronchi, which supply bronchopulmonary segments. The right main bronchus is wider and takes a more vertical course, causing inhaled foreign bodies to lodge more frequently on the right side.
- The walls of the bronchi are held open by elongated plates of cartilage, but this is not present in bronchioles.
- A bronchopulmonary segment is the area of lung supplied by a segmental bronchus and its accompanying pulmonary artery branch. Each bronchopulmonary segment is shaped like a cone with the apex at the origin of the segmental bronchus and the base projected peripherally onto the surface of the lung.
- There are ten bronchopulmonary segments in each lung.
- The lungs have two functionally distinct circulatory pathways.
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By Ahmed Safaa Telegram channel : https://t.me/mcqb2
