Functional and Object-Oriented Programming

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Questions and Answers

What is a programming language fundamentally used for?

To generate web content

To create graphic designs

To enhance user interfaces

To tell a computer what operations to perform (correct)

What characterizes functional/applicative programming?

It views all subprograms as mathematical functions. (correct)

It is focused on object creation.

It primarily uses scripting languages.

It utilizes sequences of instructions.

Which of the following languages was developed for scientific and mathematical applications?

COBOL

BASIC

JavaScript

FORTRAN (correct)

Which of the following is NOT considered a low-level programming language?

Python Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes high-level programming languages from low-level ones?

High-level languages offer English-like keywords Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of object-oriented programming languages?

They create objects instead of sequences of instructions. Signup and view all the answers

Which generation of programming languages includes machine language?

First Generation Languages Signup and view all the answers

Which language is recognized as the first purely object-oriented language?

Smalltalk Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary design goal of JAVA?

To be machine, platform, and operating system independent. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of syntax in a programming language?

To define the grammatical rules for the language Signup and view all the answers

Which language is classified as a text processing language?

Perl Signup and view all the answers

Why have so many programming languages been developed over time?

To address specific programming needs and improve design Signup and view all the answers

What does COBOL stand for?

Common Business Oriented Language Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of programming languages would likely be the highest level?

JavaScript Signup and view all the answers

Which programming language was developed at IBM in the mid-1950s?

FORTRAN Signup and view all the answers

What medium do programming languages typically use to describe computations?

Textual commands and symbols Signup and view all the answers

What is the main feature of machine language?

It is dependent on the specific machine it runs on. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of assembly languages?

They require assembly for execution. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a task accomplished by a compiler?

Translates source code to machine code. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes fourth generation languages (4GL) from third generation languages?

4GL requires fewer instructions to accomplish tasks. Signup and view all the answers

Which programming paradigm does Prolog represent?

Logic/Declarative programming. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of fifth generation languages?

They are declarative and often associated with functional programming. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus of object-oriented programming?

Viewing real-world entities as separate objects. Signup and view all the answers

What is a feature of natural language programming beyond fifth generation languages?

Can be executed with user statements. Signup and view all the answers

What is XML an abbreviation for?

Extensible Markup Language Signup and view all the answers

Which quality refers to a programming language's ability to express computation clearly and concisely?

Writability Signup and view all the answers

What does the quality of maintainability in a programming language ensure?

Errors can be easily identified and corrected. Signup and view all the answers

Which quality ensures that similar features in a programming language look and behave similarly?

Uniformity Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes programming languages from human languages?

Programming languages lack ambiguity. Signup and view all the answers

Which quality of a programming language allows users to add new constructs?

Extensibility Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the reliability quality in programming languages?

To prevent unexpected behavior during execution. Signup and view all the answers

Which criterion emphasizes avoiding special cases in available constructs?

Generality Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Programming Languages

A programming language is a systematic means of instructing a computer to perform operations.
It helps in communicating algorithms and offers a framework for describing computations.
Functions as a notational system for machine-readable and human-readable computations.

Evolution of Programming Languages

Programming languages have diversified since their inception in the 1950s to cater to various programming needs.
Thousands of languages exist, each designed for specific problem-solving tasks.
Different languages reflect unique syntax and semantic rules analogous to natural languages like English.

Levels of Programming Languages

Low-Level Languages:
- Machine Language: Direct binary code understandable by computers, but difficult to write.
- Assembly Language: Utilizes symbolic names for machine operations, necessitating assemblers for conversion.
High-Level Languages:
- Characterized by English-like keywords, enabling easier programming, requiring compilers or interpreters for machine language conversion.

Classification of Programming Languages

First Generation: Machine language, highly efficient but complex for humans to code.
Second Generation: Assembly languages, utilizing symbolic opcodes for easier coding.
Third Generation: Closer to English, examples include FORTRAN, COBOL, C, C++, which require translation into machine code.
Fourth Generation: High-level languages that need fewer instructions, often used in database contexts.
Fifth Generation: Declarative and functional languages like Lisp and Prolog, focusing on logic and functional programming.

Programming Language Paradigms

Imperative Programming: Focuses on sequence and variable state changes (e.g., C).
Object-Oriented Programming: Entities with their own states, modified by methods (e.g., C++).
Logic/Declarative Programming: Establishes facts and makes queries (e.g., Prolog).
Functional Programming: All subprograms viewed as mathematical functions (e.g., Lisp).

Traditional vs. Object-Oriented Languages

Traditional Languages:
- FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, and C primarily emphasize sequences of instructions for problem-solving.
Object-Oriented Languages:
- Simula as the first OOP language; Smalltalk as pure OOP; C++ and Java incorporate OOP principles to enhance modularity.

Special Programming Languages

Scripting Languages: JavaScript, PHP, Python, and Perl allow for quick automation and task-specific scripting.
Markup Languages: XML and HTML facilitate structuring and formatting content on the web.

Language Design Criteria

Writability: Enables clear and concise expression of operations.
Readability: Facilitates understanding of program structure and purpose.
Orthogonality: Allows combinations of features with minimal restrictions.
Reliability: Ensures predictable program behavior during execution.
Maintainability: Simplifies error correction and feature addition.

Additional Design Considerations

Generality: Avoids special cases in language constructs.
Uniformity: Ensures similarity in appearance and behavior of features.
Extensibility: Facilitates user-defined constructs.
Standardability: Supports cross-computer programmability without major adjustments.
Implementability: Aids in developing translators or interpreters for the language.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of functional and object-oriented programming, particularly in the context of Lisp and various programming language generations. It highlights the differences between traditional programming paradigms and modern approaches that emphasize objects. Test your understanding of these programming styles and their implications.