Questions and Answers
What is the main function of centrosomes in animal cells?
Chloroplasts are responsible for converting chemical energy into light energy.
False
What pigment is found in chloroplasts that aids in capturing sunlight?
chlorophyll
Cilia are found in the ______ tract and help in moving mucus.
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Which organelle is primarily involved in photosynthesis?
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Centrosomes can be found in both plant and animal cells.
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Match the following structures with their functions:
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In addition to photosynthesis, chloroplasts have functions like lipid metabolism and ______ synthesis.
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What is the primary function of peptidoglycan in bacterial cells?
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Which of the following structures is found outside the prokaryotic cell membrane?
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Nucleoplasm is the liquid found outside the nucleus of a cell.
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Gram staining is used to determine the shape of prokaryotic cells.
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What is the role of peroxidases found in peroxisomes?
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The plasma membrane is composed of a __________ bilayer embedded with proteins.
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What are the two classifications of prokaryotes?
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Prokaryotic cells can have ribosomes that are either free-floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the ______.
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Match the following components with their functions:
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Which process do prokaryotes primarily contribute to in the ecosystem?
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Which type of transport is NOT facilitated by the plasma membrane?
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Match the following prokaryotic structures/functions with their descriptions:
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Antibiotics, such as penicillin, target the synthesis of peptidoglycan in bacteria.
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What can result from defects in peroxisome function?
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Protoplasts are susceptible to osmotic lysis because they lack cell walls.
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Name one disease caused by pathogenic prokaryotes.
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What is the primary function of the cytoplasm?
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The smooth endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached to it.
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What structure is responsible for the synthesis of lipids?
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Cytoplasm helps protect the cell's __________ material.
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Match the following structures with their functions:
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
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Endospores can remain dormant for extended periods and are resistant to usual disinfectants.
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What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?
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Where does the process of translation occur?
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Spheroplasts are bacterial cells that retain their cell wall.
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What are teichoic acids and their role in bacterial cells?
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Spheroplasts are formed by treating bacterial cells with ______ or penicillin.
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Match the following structures with their primary functions:
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What is a primary function of vacuoles in plant cells?
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Teichoic acids are positively charged due to the presence of phosphate groups.
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How can spheroplast formation be reversed?
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Study Notes
Centrosome
- Organelles located near the nucleus in animal cells, consisting of a pair of centrioles and pericentriolar material.
- Crucial for organizing microtubules during cell division, essential for mitotic spindle formation.
- Involved in determining cell polarity and positioning the nucleus.
- Functional abnormalities are linked to diseases such as cancer.
- Key for proper chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis.
Chloroplasts
- Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells, converting light energy into chemical energy.
- Contain chlorophyll, the pigment that captures sunlight, giving plants their green color.
- Structure includes an outer and inner membrane, thylakoids, and stroma for different photosynthesis stages.
- Possess their own DNA and ribosomes to synthesize necessary proteins.
- Also participate in lipid metabolism, hormone biosynthesis, and amino acid synthesis.
Cilia
- Hair-like structures on certain cell surfaces, responsible for movement and sensory functions.
- Aid mucus movement in the respiratory tract, trapping foreign particles.
- Assist in egg transport in the female reproductive system.
- Involved in sound vibration conversion in the inner ear.
- Enable locomotion and feeding in some unicellular organisms by creating water currents.
Nucleoplasm
- Liquid within the nucleus that supports its structure and contains chromatin and nucleosomes.
Peptidoglycan
- Unique molecule found in bacterial cell walls, providing structural support and protection through glycan chains cross-linked by peptide bridges.
- Essential for maintaining bacterial shape and resisting osmotic pressure.
- Targeted by antibiotics like penicillin which weaken bacterial cell walls.
- Thickness and composition vary among bacterial species, affecting antibiotic susceptibility.
Peroxisomes
- Membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification of harmful substances.
- Contain enzymes (peroxidases) that break down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
- Participate in fatty acid beta-oxidation for energy provision and certain lipid syntheses.
- Dysfunction can lead to peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs).
Plasma Membrane
- Semi-permeable barrier surrounding cells, regulating material movement in and out.
- Composed of a phospholipid bilayer imbued with proteins.
- Maintains cell integrity and regulates internal environment.
- Allows selective transport through diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
- Contains receptors and enzymes for cell signaling and communication.
Prokaryotes
- Single-celled organisms without distinct nuclei or membrane-bound organelles, classified as bacteria or archaea.
- Found in diverse habitats like soil, water, and the human body.
- Participate in ecological processes such as nitrogen fixation and decomposition.
- Exhibit various shapes (spheres, rods, spirals) and some can be pathogenic, causing diseases.
Prokaryotic Cell Wall
- Rigid structure outside the cell membrane, providing support and shape.
- Composed of peptidoglycan in bacteria to maintain osmotic pressure.
- Protects cells from external stress and invaders.
- Gram staining differentiates types of prokaryotic cell walls.
Protoplast
- Bacterial or plant cells with their cell walls removed, increasing susceptibility to osmotic lysis.
- Important for genetic transformation studies and created through enzymatic digestion.
- Retain cell membranes, used in fusion experiments for hybrid organism creation.
- Regeneration requires appropriate nutrients and conditions.
Ribosomes
- Cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis, translating mRNA into amino acid sequences.
- Composed of two subunits, found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
- Can be free in cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes.
Cytoplasm
- Thick, jelly-like substance filling the cell, housing various cellular components and organelles.
- Contains proteins and molecules necessary for cell growth and metabolism.
- Crucial for movement and transportation within the cell.
- Protects genetic material and provides a stable environment for reactions.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Membranous network involved in protein and lipid synthesis, folding, modification, and transport.
- Divided into rough ER (with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis) and smooth ER (lacks ribosomes, involved in lipid metabolism).
- Maintains cellular homeostasis, regulating calcium levels and detoxifying substances.
- Forms a continuous network through cytoplasm, connecting various organelles.
Endospores
- Specialized structures formed by certain bacteria for survival in unfavorable conditions, entering a dormant state.
- Highly resistant to extreme environments including heat, lack of nutrients, and chemicals.
- Dormant for extended periods and resistant to disinfectants and antibiotics.
Spheroplast
- Bacterial cells that lose their cell walls, resulting in a spherical shape and increased susceptibility to lysis.
- Formed by treatments with agents like lysozyme or penicillin.
- Useful in genetic studies for introducing foreign DNA into bacteria and have reversible cell wall formation.
Teichoic Acids
- Cell wall components in certain bacteria that maintain structure and integrity.
- Classified as wall teichoic acids (WTAs) or lipoteichoic acids (LTAs).
- Negatively charged due to phosphate groups, influencing environmental interactions.
- Modulate cell wall permeability; WTAs linked to peptidoglycan, LTAs anchored to cytoplasmic membrane.
Vacuoles
- Membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells for storing water, nutrients, and waste.
- Maintain turgor pressure in plant cells, essential for shape.
- Plant vacuoles can hold pigments for flower and fruit coloration.
- Animal cell vacuoles are smaller, involved in storage and osmoregulation.
- Contractile vacuoles in some protists help manage excess water for osmotic balance.
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Description
This quiz covers key terms related to the functional anatomy of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, focusing specifically on the centrosome. It explores the role of centrosomes in cell division, their structure, and importance in cellular organization. Test your understanding of these essential cellular components.
