Full Blood Count
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary method used in Optical cell counting automation?

  • Absorption and fluorescence techniques (correct)
  • Electrical impedance measurement
  • Centrifugation for size separation
  • Chemical staining and dyeing

    • Which component of the Aperture Impedance Counter is involved in measuring electrical impedance?

  • Suction mechanism
  • Internal Electrode (correct)
  • External Electrode
  • Glass Aperture Tube

    • What does a change in electrical impedance represent in the Aperture Impedance Principle?

  • The concentration of electrolytes
  • The type of particles present
  • The volume of particles passing through the aperture (correct)
  • The temperature of the sample

    • What is a limitation of basic Aperture Impedance Counting when analyzing cell populations?

    <p>Difficulty in counting mixed populations like RBCs and platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the Optical method complement the Aperture Impedance method in cell counting automation?

    <p>Each method leverages different strengths for improved accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the vortex behind the aperture affect the counting process in basic Aperture Impedance Counting?

    <p>It can lead to inaccuracies during the counting process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical size range of the aperture in Aperture Impedance Counters?

    <p>50-100μm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact do shear forces near the aperture have during counting?

    <p>They can deform cells and affect accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional challenge is brought by the detection zone extending on either side of the aperture?

    <p>Potential interference from neighboring particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary capability does the Aperture Impedance Counter have in cell counting?

    <p>Accurate counting and sizing of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a Reticulocyte count specifically measure in the blood?

    <p>The percentage of young, immature red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do 'Flags' indicate in a Full Blood Count?

    <p>Abnormal findings in blood parameters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which condition might a Full Blood Count NOT typically be conducted?

    <p>Allergy testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'Defensive Medicine' in the context of a Full Blood Count?

    <p>Ordering tests to ensure thorough evaluations and mitigate legal risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a Full Blood Count performed for reassurance?

    <p>To provide reassurance by ruling out significant blood-related abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does a Haemocytometer Slide serve?

    <p>It counts and categorizes blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between Hemoglobin and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) after centrifugation?

    <p>Hemoglobin is found at the top of the plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Packed Cell Volume (PCV) calculated as a percentage?

    <p>PCV % = (Height of RBC column / Total height of blood column) × 100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT one of the principal methods of cell counting automation?

    <p>Centrifugation technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Aperture Impedance method measure in cell counting automation?

    <p>Changes in electrical impedance as cells pass through an aperture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of Haematocrit in a Full Blood Count?

    <p>The ratio of total RBC volume to whole blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does MCV stand for in the context of a Full Blood Count?

    <p>Mean Cell Volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is MCH in the context of a Full Blood Count?

    <p>Mean Cell Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does RDW stand for in a Full Blood Count?

    <p>Red Cell Distribution Width</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can an elevated Immature Granulocyte count in a Full Blood Count suggest?

    <p>Inflammatory or infectious process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Nucleated RBC count indicate in a Full Blood Count?

    <p>Presence of red blood cells containing a nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Reticulocyte count in a Full Blood Count?

    <p>Determines the production rate of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does MCHC stand for in the context of a Full Blood Count?

    <p>Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of Sheath Stream Focussing in cell counting?

    <p>To ensure a stream of separate cells accurately focused in the counting zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential error can occur if cells pass through the detector side by side?

    <p>Coincidence errors leading to sizing and counting errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are basophils resistant to acid lysis in Differential Lysis?

    <p>They are not significantly affected by acidic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does narrow angle forward scatter contribute to cell analysis in Optical Cell Counting?

    <p>It is proportional to cell volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information does wider angle scatter provide in Optical Cell Counting?

    <p>The refractive index used to measure hemoglobin concentration or granularity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the absence of Sheath Stream Focussing, which issue may arise during cell counting?

    <p>Errors due to cells being in different planes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'SFL' represent in Sysmex Optical WBC Differential Counting?

    <p>Small Forward Light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what types of cell counting methods is Differential Lysis commonly utilized?

    <p>In both aperture impedance and optical cell counting methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component in Optical Cell Counting is used to enhance contrast in optical microscopy?

    <p>Darkfield Stop Disk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the number of pulses and cell count in Optical Cell Counting?

    <p>The number of pulses is directly proportional to the cell count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does FSC represent in Sysmex Optical WBC Differential Counting?

    <p>Forward Scatter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parameter does SSC in Sysmex Optical WBC Differential Counting provide information about?

    <p>Cell Granularity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of acid differential lysis in the WBC/Baso channel of Sysmex?

    <p>To shrink non-basophil WBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a possible cause for anemia in a patient who has had a gastrectomy?

    <p>Malabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does elevated WBC and Neut indicate in a patient presenting with fainting and abdominal pain?

    <p>Acute infection or inflammatory process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition might be suggested by low Platelets and low Neutrophils in a patient with pyrexia and lymphadenopathy?

    <p>Viral or bacterial infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an elevated MCHC suggest in a child with lethargy and jaundice?

    <p>Possible iron deficiency or Thalassemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might low Hb and low RBC in a patient with weakness and bone pain indicate?

    <p>Underlying hematological disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms are likely associated with Thrombocytopenia in a patient?

    <p>Impaired blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What possible condition could result in pins and needles in a patient following a gastrectomy?

    <p>Nutritional deficiency (e.g., B12)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Full Blood Count (FBC) Parameters

    • Includes WBC, RBC, Hb, Haematocrit, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW, and platelet count.
    • WBC count assesses immune response; differential count identifies specific white blood cell types.
    • RBC count measures red blood cells' quantity; Hb level indicates oxygen-carrying capacity.
    • Haematocrit represents the percentage of blood volume occupied by RBCs.
    • MCV (Mean Cell Volume) indicates average RBC size.
    • MCH (Mean Cell Hemoglobin) measures average hemoglobin content per RBC.
    • MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration) reflects hemoglobin concentration in RBCs.
    • RDW (Red Cell Distribution Width) measures variability in RBC size.
    • Immature Granulocyte count can indicate inflammation or infection.
    • Nucleated RBC count signals possible medical conditions; elevated levels are concerning.
    • Reticulocyte count evaluates bone marrow activity and immature RBC production.

    Clinical Uses of Full Blood Count

    • Helps diagnose conditions such as anemia, infection, and malignancy.
    • Monitors disease progression or response to treatment.
    • Acts as defensive medicine to cover diagnostic thoroughness.
    • Provides reassurance by confirming normal blood parameters.
    • Utilized in routine health screenings for early detection of potential issues.

    Haemocytometer and Packed Cell Volume (PCV)

    • Haemocytometer is used for manual counting of blood cells.
    • PCV (Packed Cell Volume) is obtained post-centrifugation, reflecting RBC proportion.
    • Calculated as the height of the RBC column over total blood column height, expressed as a percentage.
    • Sealed capillary tube method involves centrifuging blood to gauge PCV accurately.

    Automation in Cell Counting

    • Two principal methods: Aperture Impedance and Optical methods.
    • Aperture Impedance counts cells by measuring electrical impedance changes through a small aperture.
    • Optical method utilizes light scattering to analyze cellular characteristics, such as size and granularity.
    • Combining both methods enhances analysis accuracy.

    Challenges in Aperture Impedance Counting

    • Issues include vortex effects, shear forces, and cell orientation affecting accuracy.
    • Difficulties arise in counting mixed populations, such as RBCs and platelets.
    • Sheath Stream Focussing improves cell separation and accuracy in mixed populations.

    Differential Lysis and Optical Cell Counting

    • Differential Lysis selectively lyses WBCs to differentiate populations effectively.
    • Basophils resist acid lysis; eosinophils show resistance to alkaline lysis.
    • Optical Cell Counting components include a light source, flow-cell, and detection mechanisms.
    • Pulses correlate to cell counts, and light scatter provides details on cell volume and granularity.

    Clinical Cases Interpretation

    • Female, 75 years: Tired, poor diet suggesting potential anemia and malnutrition-related issues.
    • Male, 55 years: Previous gastrectomy with pins and needles—signs of possible anemia (B12 deficiency).
    • Female, 18 years: Symptoms suggest thrombocytopenia and neutropenia potentially due to infections.
    • Female, 4 years: Anemia with jaundice implies underlying hematological disorder; possible iron deficiency.
    • Male, 75 years: Weakness and bone pain point towards anemia with potential bone marrow involvement.

    Conclusion

    • Full Blood Count serves as a fundamental diagnostic tool, guiding clinicians in identifying disorders and monitoring health.
    • Automated and manual methodologies enhance precision and comprehensive analysis of cell populations and characteristics.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the traditional parameters included in a Full Blood Count (FBC), focusing on metrics such as WBC count, RBC count, and hemoglobin levels. Additionally, you'll learn about haematocrit and its significance in evaluating blood health.

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