Fruit Ripening and Ethylene Senescence

What is the role of statoliths in plants?

What is the main characteristic of thigmomorphogenesis in young plants?

Which hormone is responsible for mediating thigmomorphogenesis in plants?

What environmental factor triggers vernalization in plants?

What is the purpose of plant defense systems against herbivores and pathogens?

_______ Responses observed in plants include growth response and curvature of organs toward or away from a stimulus.

_______ is a response to light in plants.

_______ is a response to gravity in plants.

_______ is a response to mechanical disturbance in plants.

_______ is the process of producing flowers in plants.

_______ is the programmed death of plant cells or organs.

_______ is the process of fruits becoming sweeter and falling from the plant stem.

_______ refers to a class of plant hormones that promotes cell elongation in stems and roots.

The ______ pumps lower the pH in the cell wall, activating expansins

Expansins are enzymes that break hydrogen bonds between cellulose fibres, thus loosening the ______ wall

With the cellulose loosened, the cell is free to absorb more ______, causing it to swell and elongate

Auxin is involved in root formation and ______

Cytokinins stimulate ______, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells

Cytokinins regulate growth by activating genes that keep the ______ cycle going, stimulating cell division

Cytokinins are produced in actively growing tissues such as roots, ______, and fruits

Cytokinins regulate growth by activating genes that keep the cell cycle going, stimulating ______ division

The embryo releases ______ to the aleurone layer

The aleurone layer secretes ______ to hydrolyze sugars in the endosperm

Sugars are then absorbed by the ______, which initiates the embryo to grow

ABA inhibits ______ (including inhibiting seed germination)

In some seeds, dormancy is broken when ABA is removed by heavy rain, light, or prolonged ______

ABA is the primary internal signal that enables plants to withstand ______

Plants produce ethylene in response to stresses such as drought, flooding, mechanical pressure, injury, and ______

The effects of ethylene include response to fruit ripening, mechanical stress, senescence, and leaf ______

Cytokinins work together with auxin to control cell division and differentiation, cytokinins alone have no ______ effect!

Cytokinins, auxin, and other factors interact in the control of apical dominance, a terminal/apical bud’s ability to suppress the development of axillary/lateral buds so that the plant can grow ______

If the terminal bud is removed, plants become bushier as lateral buds grow and develop into new ______

Cytokinins delay the aging of some plant organs by inhibiting protein breakdown, stimulating RNA and protein synthesis, and assembling nutrients from surrounding ______

If removed leaves from plant are dipped in cytokinin solution, they stay green much ______

Gibberellins stimulate the growth of leaves and ______

In many plants, both auxin and gibberellins must be present for fruit to ______

After water is taken up by a dry seed (imbibition), gibberellins are released from the embryo signals to allow for seed ______

Plants can sense and respond to information about light, gravity, pressure, and ______.

Plants have the equivalent of a sense of smell and can perceive certain airborne ______.

Plants have a sense of taste because their roots can detect nutrients in the ______.

Sensory cells receive an external signal and change it into an intracellular ______.

Sensory cells then send a signal to target cells in other parts of the plant ______.

Target cells receive the signal and change their activity to produce an appropriate ______.

Usually, a hormone is transported to the target cells, where it causes a physiological ______.

In general, hormones control plant growth and development by affecting cell division, cell elongation, cell differentiation, and cell ______.

What is the term for a growth response resulting in curvature of organs toward or away from a stimulus?

What is the process of producing flowers in plants called?

Which plant hormone promotes cell elongation in stems and roots?

What is the programmed death of plant cells or organs called?

Which plant hormone is responsible for fruit maturation and ripening?

What is the term for the process of fruits becoming sweeter and falling from the plant stem?

What is the process of developing a plant from a seed or spore after a period of dormancy?

Which plant response refers to the inhibition of plant growth, including inhibiting seed germination?

What is the role of proton pumps in the cell wall?

How do expansins affect the cell wall?

What is the main function of auxin in secondary growth?

What is the primary function of cytokinins in cell division and differentiation?

Where are cytokinins primarily produced in plants?

How do cytokinins regulate growth?

What happens to a cell when cellulose is loosened?

What is the effect of cytokinins and auxin working together in cell division and differentiation?

What hormone is responsible for slowing plant growth and inhibiting seed germination?

Which enzyme is secreted by the aleurone layer to hydrolyze sugars in the endosperm?

What is the primary internal signal that enables plants to withstand drought?

Which plant hormone is released in response to stresses like drought, flooding, and mechanical pressure?

What triggers the breaking of dormancy in some seeds by removing ABA?

Which hormone is responsible for initiating the growth of the embryo in plants?

What process involves the use of ethylene in response to mechanical stress, injury, and infection?

In seed germination, what is the role of the scutellum after absorbing sugars?

What triggers the ripening process in fruits?

What is associated with apoptosis, the programmed destruction of plant cells or organs?

What controls leaf abscission in plants?

What is the triple response induced by ethylene in plants?

What type of light receptors control stomatal opening, chlorophyll synthesis, and phototropism in plants?

What class of light receptors control seed germination, shade avoidance, and induction of flowering in plants?

What is the biologically active form of phytochrome?

What process allows a growing shoot to avoid obstacles in its path?

What are statoliths and how do they help plants in orienting their roots and shoots?

Explain thigmomorphogenesis in young plants and the role of ethylene in this process.

What environmental factor triggers vernalization in plants and what is the purpose of vernalization?

How do plants defend against herbivores and pathogens? Explain the role of defense systems.

What is the mechanism behind thigmotropism in plants?

How do amyloplasts activate sensory proteins in plant cells?

Explain the role of ethylene in thigmomorphogenesis and its effects on plant morphology.

Describe the process by which statoliths help plants respond to gravity.