Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory Overview
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Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of psychodynamic perspectives on personality?

  • Conscious decisions and actions
  • The role of social influences
  • Biological factors
  • Unconscious processes (correct)

    • Which structure of personality in Freud's theory operates on the demands of reality?

  • Ego (correct)
  • Id
  • Superego
  • Conscious

    • Which defense mechanism involves refusing to accept reality?

  • Projection
  • Repression
  • Displacement
  • Denial (correct)

    • In Freud’s view, which stage of personality development occurs from birth to 18 months?

    <p>Oral stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of personality is responsible for moral judgment and conscience?

    <p>Superego</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What analogy does Freud use to illustrate the relationship between the conscious and unconscious mind?

    <p>Iceberg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a defense mechanism in Freud's theory?

    <p>Cognitive dissonance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of defense mechanisms according to Freud?

    <p>To reduce anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic describes someone high in conscientiousness?

    <p>Disciplined and goal-directed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is associated with kindness and trust?

    <p>Agreeableness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does neuroticism primarily affect individuals?

    <p>Causes worry and anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits is likely to emerge as a strength across diverse cultures?

    <p>Extraversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between extraversion and well-being according to the content?

    <p>Extraversion is associated with increased happiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is neuroticism sometimes described in relation to emotional stability?

    <p>By its opposite end of emotional stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What general observation can be made about the expression of personality traits in animals?

    <p>Some traits are evident in a larger range of animals, like dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is subjective well-being primarily concerned with?

    <p>A person's assessment of positive affect and life evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three qualities Rogers proposed are necessary for an individual to reconnect with their true feelings?

    <p>Unconditional positive regard, Empathy, Genuineness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to trait theories, what are traits described as?

    <p>Stable personality characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one criticism of the humanistic perspective mentioned in the content?

    <p>It may promote excessive self-love and narcissism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Allport and H.S. Odbert discover regarding traits?

    <p>There are 4,500 distinct traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does being 'high' on a trait signify?

    <p>Strong tendency to behave according to that trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Five-Factor Model of Personality aim to summarize?

    <p>The main dimensions of personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did W.T. Norman contribute to the understanding of personality traits?

    <p>He reanalyzed traits to highlight five factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one characteristic of a person who is 'open to experience'?

    <p>They are imaginative and enjoy engaging with new ideas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory?

    <p>The role of observational learning on behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does self-efficacy influence a person's behavior?

    <p>It defines their belief in their ability to succeed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept challenges the notion that personality traits are stable across situations?

    <p>Situationism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Mischel's theory of delay of gratification emphasize?

    <p>Long-term rewards require management of impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a weakness of the social cognitive approach?

    <p>Too focused on change and situational influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the degree to which individuals believe they have control over outcomes?

    <p>Personal control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Mischel's cognitive affective processing systems (CAPS) model focus on?

    <p>The link between thoughts, emotions, and behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor significantly influences the predictions of personality according to researchers responding to Mischel?

    <p>The combination of personality and situational factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the reticular activation system (RAS) play in Hans Eysenck's arousal regulation theory?

    <p>It differs in arousal levels between extraverts and introverts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Jeffrey Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory?

    <p>Explaining behavior through biological systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily linked with extraversion and reward anticipation according to recent research?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the behavioral activation system (BAS)?

    <p>It is sensitive to rewards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Eysenck’s theory, what do introversion and extraversion represent?

    <p>Behavioral patterns aimed at regulating baseline arousal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of personality does Gray’s theory aim to explain?

    <p>Attention to environmental rewards and punishments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome has research indicated concerning blood flow in the striatum in relation to personality?

    <p>It links to the experience of extraversion and reward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is NOT supported by research in relation to Eysenck’s arousal regulation theory?

    <p>Blood flow in the striatum is unaffected by individual differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Personality

    • Personality: a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world
    • Psychodynamic perspectives: emphasize that personality is primarily unconscious (beyond awareness)
    • Behavior is only a surface characteristic

    Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

    • Psychoanalysis is Sigmund Freud’s approach to personality
    • Three structures of personality:
      • Id: unconscious drives
      • Ego: deals with the demands of reality
      • Superego: serves as judge of the individual’s behavior; also known as conscience.

    Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Defense Mechanisms

    • Defense mechanisms: tactics the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
    • Unconscious; and not necessarily unhealthy.
    • Denial is the most primitive.
    • Displacement.
    • Sublimation.
    • Projection.
    • Reaction formation.
    • Repression.

    Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Stages of Development

    • Oral stage (first 18 months)
    • Anal stage (18 to 36 months)
    • Phallic stage (3 to 6 years)
    • Latency period (6 years to puberty)

    Humanistic Perspectives

    • Emphasis on the conscious experience and the individual’s potential for growth
    • Key theorists: Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
    • Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: a model of human motivation that suggests basic needs must be met before higher needs can be pursued

    Evaluating the Humanistic Perspective

    • How we perceive ourselves and the world is an essential element of personality
    • A positive approach to the whole person.
    • Criticisms:
      • Too optimistic.
      • Overestimate people’s freedom and rationality.
      • May promote excessive self-love and narcissism.
      • People are not held accountable.

    Trait Perspectives

    • Traits are stable personality characteristics
    • Trait perspectives on personality have been the dominant approach for nearly four decades

    Trait Theories

    • Theoretical views stressing that personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions (traits) that tend to lead to characteristic responses.
    • “High” on a trait: a strong tendency to behave a certain way according to that trait.
    • “Low” on a trait.
    • Trait theorists agree that traits are the fundamental building blocks of personality.

    Allport’s Contributions

    • Stressed each person’s uniqueness and capacity to adapt.
    • Traits are structures that cause a person’s behavior to be similar even in different situations.
    • Lexical approach: the more important a trait is, the more likely it is that it is represented by a single word
    • Allport and H.S. Odbert found 4,500 distinct traits
    • W.T. Norman reanalyzed those traits and concluded they could be summarized in just five factors.

    The Five-Factor Model of Personality

    • The five broad traits that are thought to describe the main dimensions of personality.
    • Openness to experience: Imaginative and interested in cognitively engaging with abstract ideas as well as perceptions, nature, and the arts
    • Conscientiousness: Reliable, hard working, and dependable
    • Extraversion: Outgoing, sociable, and lively
    • Agreeableness: Kind, nice, and trusting
    • Neuroticism: A worrier, anxious, and insecure

    The Five-Factor Model of Personality cont.

    • The role of personality traits depends on the situations in which we find ourselves.
    • Our traits can be strengths or weaknesses.
    • Extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness are the most likely factors to emerge across cultures and languages.
    • Neuroticism and openness to experience are more likely to emerge only in English-speaking samples.

    Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Well-Being

    • Some people are happier than others.
    • Life events explain relatively little.
    • Extraversion is related to higher levels of well-being.
    • Neuroticism is strongly related to lower levels.
    • Subjective well-being: a person’s assessment of their own level of positive affect relative to negative affect, and an evaluation of their life in general.
    • Positive and negative moods affect life satisfaction.

    Social Cognitive Perspectives

    • How individuals learn and develop their personalities
    • Key theorists: Albert Bandura, Julian Rotter, and Walter Mischel
    • Social learning: individuals learn by observing others and modeling their behavior

    Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

    • Through observational learning, we form ideas about the behavior of others.
    • May adopt that behavior ourselves.
    • Our specific beliefs can influence our behavior.
    • Personal control: the degree to which a person believes to be in charge of the outcomes of behavior.
    • Self-efficacy: the belief a person has that they can master a situation and produce positive change.

    Mischel’s Contributions

    • Situationism: the idea that behavior changes considerably from one context to another
    • Researchers responded by showing that it is not a matter of whether personality predicts behavior, but when and how it does so.

    Evaluating the Social Cognitive Perspectives

    • Highlights the observation of behavior.
    • Emphasizes the influence of cognitive processes.
    • Suggests people can control their environment.
    • Weaknesses:
      • Too concerned with change and situational influences.
      • Ignores the role biology plays.
      • Tends to lead to very specific predictions for each person, making generalizations impossible.

    Biological Perspectives

    • The notion that physiological processes influence personality has been around since ancient times.
    • More recent advances in method and theory have led to fascinating research on the role of biological processes in personality.

    Theories Linking Personality and the Brain

    • Hans Eysenck’s arousal regulation theory:
      • In extraverts and introverts, the reticular activation system (RAS)--consisting of the reticular formation and its connections--differs with respect to the baseline level of arousal.
      • Research has not demonstrated this to be true.
      • Researchers have found, however, that blood flow in the striatum differs and this plays a role in levels of dopamine --the neurotransmitter linked with the experience of reward.

    Theories Linking Personality and the Brain cont.

    • Jeffrey Gray:
      • Reinforcement sensitivity theory: identifies two biological systems linked to learning associations between behaviors and rewards or punishers.
      • Behavioral activation system (BAS): sensitive to learning about rewards.
      • Behavioral inhibition system (BIS): sensitive to learning about punishers.

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    Description

    Explore the key concepts of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory, including the structures of personality, defense mechanisms, and stages of development. This quiz will test your understanding of how these elements contribute to our personality and behavior. Delve into the world of psychodynamics and uncover the layers of the unconscious mind.

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