chapter 49. quiz 7. complications

What is the defining factor of fresh whole blood according to some investigators?

Which factor is directly related to the effectiveness of fresh whole blood?

Why does blood stored for longer periods become less effective, especially in terms of coagulation?

What is the impact of storing whole blood for 24 hours at 4°C on its hemostatic effects compared to storing it for less than 6 hours?

What is retained in typed and crossmatched warm whole blood that has not been cooled?

Which event did the experience in Vietnam show warm whole blood to be extremely effective in treating?

What is the primary cause of consumptive coagulopathy in patients experiencing major trauma or blood loss?

What is the key factor that differentiates patients who may tolerate multiple units of blood without developing a coagulopathy?

Which condition does a patient develop when hypotensive and receiving many units of RBCs in the presence of bleeding?

What are the common clinical signs indicating a coagulopathy due to excessive blood transfusion?

Which factor contributes significantly to dilutional thrombocytopenia in patients receiving massive blood transfusions?

What best describes the coagulopathy that develops in patients who are hypotensive and have received numerous units of RBCs?

At what platelet count do patients usually experience clinical bleeding during surgery?

What platelet count indicates a patient will develop a bleeding problem from dilutional thrombocytopenia according to Miller and colleagues?

At what platelet count does spontaneous bleeding usually occur?

What happens to platelets in whole blood stored at 4°C for more than 24 hours when infused for patient?

How many units of blood given to acutely wounded soldiers can decrease platelet counts to less than 100 × 10^9/L?

What platelet count is considered a guide for developing a hemorrhagic diathesis due to multiple units of bank blood transfusion?

What platelet count range is likely to impair coagulation due to a combination of dilutional thrombocytopenia and DIC?

Why do patients with acute induced thrombocytopenia develop a hemorrhagic diathesis at a higher platelet count than those with chronic thrombocytopenia?

In what scenario is giving platelets to treat laboratory evidence of thrombocytopenia NOT recommended?

Why is the efficacy of blood product administration often difficult to assess according to the text?

Why are decreases in blood fibrinogen concentrations during blood loss and replacement considered significant?

What is the impact of storage on Factors V and VIII in whole blood?

Why is administration of Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) recommended?

What role does fibrinogen supplementation play in the treatment of acquired bleeding?

How do Factor V and Factor VIII levels change in whole blood after 35 days of storage?

What is the significance of fibrinogen supplementation in major bleeding?

What is the primary function of the clotting system in the coagulation process?

What leads to the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)-like syndrome?

What is a potential cause for the activation of the coagulation system in DIC syndrome?

Which factor contributes to the consumption of factors in DIC syndrome?

What does activation of the fibrinolytic system aim to achieve in the presence of a hypercoagulable state?

How does the release of thromboplastin into the circulating blood affect the coagulation system?

What traditional approach for DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF A HEMORRHAGIC DIATHESIS ?

In diagnosing a bleeding problem, if the PTT is 1.5 times normal or more and other tests are normal, what factors are likely to be at very low levels?

Which component can be used to treat a bleeding problem resulting from very low levels of factors V and VIII?

What determines whether platelets should be administered in the form of fresh blood, platelet-rich plasma, or platelet concentrates?

For treating very low levels of factors V and VIII, which of the following can be used besides Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)?

How many units of platelet concentrates are required in a 70-kg person to increase the platelet count by 10 × 10^9/L in the absence of a consumptive process?

What did Lavee and associates find regarding the effectiveness of fresh whole blood compared to platelet units?

What is the volume of platelet-rich plasma compared to a unit of blood?

What is the approximate percentage of platelets that platelet concentrates provide in a unit of blood?

Why is determining the plasma fibrinogen level useful in diagnosing coagulation disorders?

What is the significance of a low in vivo plasma fibrinogen level?

How does the plasma fibrinogen level behave in the presence of blood loss and replacement?

How does a low plasma fibrinogen level aid in diagnosing coagulation disorders compared to other factors?

What can lead to hypocalcemia, dysrhythmia, and hypotension due to blood transfusions?

In which scenario is citrate intoxication more likely to occur?

What rate of blood infusion can lead to decreasing ionized Ca2+ levels?

What is a common occurrence during apheresis for donation of blood components?

In what scenario is hyperkalemia as a result of transfusion relatively rare?

When does clinically significant hyperkalemia from banked blood transfusion usually occur?

What is the recommended method to prevent decreases in body temperature when administering stored blood to a patient?

What can happen if a patient's body temperature decreases to less than 30°C during blood transfusion?

Why is shivering from mild hypothermia considered counterproductive in patients receiving stored blood transfusions?

How does hypothermia affect coagulation factors and platelet function?

What temperature range is typically used for warming blood before transfusing it to a patient?

What is the primary reason for the decrease in pH of bank blood to approximately 6.9 after 21 days of storage?

What is the consequence of a high Pco2 in stored blood when adequate ventilation is provided to the recipient?

Why is the administration of sodium bicarbonate not recommended is not indicated

What should guide the administration of sodium bicarbonate during blood transfusions?