Frequency Stability Factors Quiz

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For a lead-lag network, at fo: R = Xc o - 45 phase shift across Z1 + 45o phase shift across Z2, the total phase shift across the lead-lag network is ______

90 degrees

At f < fo, phase shift across the network ______

leads

At f > fo, phase shift across the network ______

lags

At extremely low frequency, no output since C1 acts as an ______

open circuit Signup and view all the answers

At extremely high frequency, no output since C2 acts as a ______

short circuit Signup and view all the answers

The lead-lag network is ______ selective

frequency Signup and view all the answers

The actual capacitance formed between the electrodes of the crystal is equivalent to the mechanical compliance of the crystal, also called ______ or elasticity

resilience Signup and view all the answers

The mass of the crystal in vibration R is related to mechanical friction loss and affects the ______ of the crystal

resonance Signup and view all the answers

The series resonant frequency is the frequency at which a crystal exhibits maximum ______

resonance Signup and view all the answers

The parallel resonant frequency refers to the frequency at which the crystal behaves like a high ______

impedance Signup and view all the answers

The discrete Pierce Oscillator has an operating frequency range from 1 kHz to 30 MHz and is known for having ______ components and high output signal power

few Signup and view all the answers

Varactor diode is a specially constructed diode whose internal capacitance is enhanced when reversed biased, and by varying the reverse-bias voltage, the capacitance of the diode can be ______

adjusted Signup and view all the answers

IC Waveform Generation consists of 4 basic sections: Oscillator, Waveshaper, Optional AM modulator, and Output buffer ______

amplifier Signup and view all the answers

Monolithic function generators can produce sine, square, triangle, ramp, and ______ waveforms

pulse Signup and view all the answers

Monolithic voltage-controlled oscillators provide ______ frequency

stable Signup and view all the answers

Monolithic precision oscillators offer excellent temperature stability and wide linear sweep ______

range Signup and view all the answers

Phase Locked Loops (PLL) is a closed-loop feedback control system that considers phase and frequency instead of ______

amplitude Signup and view all the answers

PLL can be used for modulation/demodulation, signal processing, carrier and clock recovery, frequency generation, and frequency ______

synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Frequency stability is affected by component aging, temperature, and humidity, and is measured in terms of percentage of change in frequency from the desired value. It is usually solved using crystal oscillators instead of LC tank. Crystal oscillators are commonly used in __________.

frequency counters, electronic navigation system, radio transmitter and receiver, TV, VCRs, Computer system clocks Signup and view all the answers

Crystallography is the study of the form, structure, properties, and classification of crystals. It deals with lattice, bonding, and behavior of slices of crystal material. Piezoelectric Effect occurs when oscillating mechanical stresses applied across a crystal lattice structure generate electrical oscillation and vice versa. The types of stress that can induce this effect are compression, tension, torsion, and __________.

shearing Signup and view all the answers

When AC voltage at its natural to is applied, mechanical oscillation occurs, exciting a crystal into mechanical vibrations. This phenomenon is known as __________ Effect.

Piezoelectric Signup and view all the answers

BAW stands for Bulk Acoustic Waves, where mechanical vibrations are directly proportional to the amplitude of the voltage applied. BAW is an example of utilizing crystals for __________.

mechanical vibrations Signup and view all the answers

Examples of crystals known for their piezoelectric effects include quartz, Rochelle salt (mostly used in microphone), and __________.

tourmaline Signup and view all the answers

Factors affecting frequency stability include changes in L, C, and R due to temperature and humidity, changes in Q of transistors and FET, and AC ripple in dc power supplies. To improve frequency stability, it is recommended to use __________ instead of LC tank.

crystal oscillators Signup and view all the answers

At very low frequencies, capacitors and other components behave in very straightforward ways. A capacitor is considered an open circuit to DC voltages and a short circuit for AC at ______ frequencies

low Signup and view all the answers

As frequencies become higher, component interaction becomes more critical both directly and as 'stray' reactances, inductances, and capacitances. Effect of Frequency on Device Characteristics: All electronic devices have capacitances and inductances. As frequency increases, so does inductive ______

reactance Signup and view all the answers

As frequency increases, capacitive reactance . At some point, the two reactances will be equal and the circuit will self-resonate. Lumped & Distributed Constants: At low frequencies, the capacitances and inductances found between the traces on a printed circuit board are

decreases Signup and view all the answers

As frequency increases, the stray capacitances and inductances are considered as distributed along the length of the pc board. They are said to be distributed ______

constants Signup and view all the answers

Circuits are designed to reduce the 'stray' capacitances and inductances resulting from the wiring and circuit board. Traces and wires are kept short and well separated. Conductors and inductors in close proximity are kept at right ______

angles Signup and view all the answers

RF amplifiers differ from audio amplifiers in that wide bandwidth may or may not be required. Linearity of the output may or may not be required. Efficiency can be improved through the use of Class ______ amplifiers

C Signup and view all the answers

Many RF amplifiers are required to operate only within a narrow range of frequencies. Filters are used to reduce the bandwidth. The tuned amplifier is set according to the formula: Miller ______

Effect Signup and view all the answers

Inter-electrode capacitance and inductance is a problem in RF circuits. This problem is especially severe for the collector-base capacitance in a common-emitter amplifier. The multiplication of the effect of capacitance in this configuration is called the Miller ______

Effect Signup and view all the answers

One solution to the Miller Effect is to use a common-base amplifier configuration. Wideband Amplifiers: Baseband parts of RF systems may make use of wideband amplifiers. Wideband amplifiers typically use transformer ______

coupling Signup and view all the answers

Single-ended audio amps are operated in Class A where the device conducts for 360°. Push-pull amps can be a Class B if one of the two devices is conducting at all times. Most audio power amps operate in Class AB - a compromise between Class A and Class ______

B Signup and view all the answers

A simple Class B amplifier is shown at the right. It uses transformer coupling. Both transistors are biased near ______

cutoff Signup and view all the answers

Class C amplifiers conduct for less than 180° of the input cycle. Class C amplifiers can be single-ended or push-pull. Class C amplifiers are very efficient in RF applications but inherently induce severe ______

distortion Signup and view all the answers