French Revolution Summary

Fall of Bastille

• King Louis XVI lost army in 1789
• He had to share power with the National Assembly until 1792

1792- National Assembly

• There were 3 groups: Conservative, Moderate, and Radical
• Conservatives wanted a king
• Moderates wanted both a king and an assembly
• Radicals wanted only the assembly (democracy)
• The National Assembly was controlled by Jacobins
• Marked the end of the Monarchy
• In 1792, radicals took control, making a republic with no king

Beginning of the Republic

• Representative democracy like the USA

Jacobins

• Radical political club that took over the country
• Wanted no king, dead or alive

Reign of Terror

• From 1793-1794
• 10,000 people killed
• Robespierre and the Committee of Public Virtue investigated people with ties/sympathy for the king
• People found guilty were arrested, put on trial, and killed
• Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were sent to the guillotine in 1793
• Robespierre was arrested and executed by normal radicals in 1794, ending the Reign of Terror

French Revolution Survival

• A strong central government was needed
• The Reign of Terror removed all people who were for kings
• Some were killed, ran from France, or changed affiliation

1795- New Constitution

• Included a 5 person presidency for 4 years (corrupted, unknown, inexperienced leaders)
• People were disappointed
• Napoleon was appointed and was helpful

Napoleon Bonaparte

• Appointed head of the army and a French hero
• In 1799, he did Coup De'tat and overthrew the government
• In 1800, a plebiscite occurred because France is a democracy and voting is a thing
• Napoleon placed soldiers in every booth to enforce that he was elected
• In 1803, Napoleon I was "Emperor" for 15 years and was only elected once

Napoleon- Accomplishments

• Established an Economic Order with the Bank of France, a French national bank
• If they ever needed money, they just printed it
• Established Social Order with Napoleonic Law Code- Meritocracy v. Aristocracy
• Established by Judges and abolishes class states
• You advanced by ability, not family
• Napoleon was his own model
• He wanted nothing that can criticize the government, only propaganda
• Order was first, and rights were second
• Modeled by the Army
• Established Religious Order with the Concordat
• Napoleon wouldn't get involved with the church and vice versa
• In 1801/2, the Church couldn't grow (property)
• Peasants got satisfied that church stays in their own lane

Coalition

• Alliance between nations for a single purpose, to defeat Napoleon: Austria, Prussia, Russia, Great Britian
• There was war 67 times, and Napoleon only lost 4

Napoleonic Wars

• From 1803-1815
• Monarchies didn't like the spread of Republics
• Continental System in which Europe cuts trade with Britain
• Napoleon enforced the Continental System by putting troops on all ports so Britain won't be able to trade with Europe

Defending the Republic

• Wars last for 12 years
• Russia beats France (too cold)
• Napoleon burns Moscow, then retreats

Napoleon's Downfall

• The Coalition sends Napoleon to Elba for 100 days, 100 miles from Italian Coast
• Napoleon's friends rescue him
• He was only out of power for 100 days
• Napoleon loses the battle of Waterloo
• He was exiled to St Helena, 1000 miles of African Coast
• He dies naturally in 1821

France and the Jews

• Jewish Emancipation slide tries to show that jews are loyal to Napoleon, willing to abandon religion
• Napoleon sends 10 questions to Jewish leaders
• Napoleon: "For the Jew as an individual everything, for the Jew as a nation nothing"
• Any Jew can get emancipation (regular citizens), but not if they come with their own rules
• "If they do not want this, let them say so and we will banish them."
• Jews either accept or get banished
• Jewish Emancipation came at a price, the dissolution of the Kahal System, and the integration of French Jews into French society
• Napoleon questions and answers of French Jewish Notables source question sheet
• Can jews marry christians?
• Jews have to answer in a way that won't offend Napoleon
• Jews say the law says nothing

Congress of Vienna

• Made to decide what to do with Europe of Napoleon's defeat
• The foreign minister by Austria
• Goal was to establish Warless Europe
• Prevent French aggression by putting strong countries on French Border (Switzerland, Netherlands, German Confederation)
• Establish Balance of power (no one can have more power than anyone else to prevent another France)
• Revert back to Monarchies
• Concert of Europe (Alliance that says if any country has an internal conflict, other countries will come to aid to prevent anyone from getting overthrown
• A long term effect was a European Peace for 40 years

Modern Jewish History

• Expulsion Jews/Spain in 1492- Conversos-Marranos
• Portugal in 1497 expelled All Jews/Conversos
• Baruch Spinoza was the 1st Modern Jew because he doesn't convert to christianity and he does not observe mitzvos
• He makes Neutral Society by not observing mitzvot, but staying a jew
• Absolute monarchs influence by enlightenment which resulted in enlightened absolutism
• Everyone is treated the same (even Jews)
• There were more economic benefits and equal rights,
• Would prevent rebellions (the more rights they have, the less they will rebel)
• Moses Mendelssohn wants Jewish Rights
• Jews are not very involved in Germany
• He makes Biur- Judeo- German (German in Hebrew letters)
• When Jews learn German, theyll get rights
• Hamburg Temple: First reform temple in 1817
• Changed prayer service into German
• Rabbis speech in German
• Added choir and organist

Haskalah

• Jewish enlightenment
• Religious Reform– Abraham Geiger
• Allows jews to stay jewish, but not follow rabbinical mitzvot
• Neo-Orthodoxy (Modern Orthodox)- Hirsch
• Made to combat reformism
• Jews can make contributions to outside world, but still be observant
• Positive Historical Judaism- Zacharias Frankel
• Compromise between Religious Reform and Neo-Orthodoxy
• 2 day yom tov can now be 1 because we have permanent calendar

Terms

• Meritocracy: People get jobs based on ability
• Aristocracy: People get jobs based off how you were born
• Jacobins: Extreme radicals who want to kill Louis XVI
• Directory: 5 person presidency to reign france
• Plebiscite: Napoleon orders an election
• Coup D'etat: Napoleon overthrows gov't
• Concordat: Napoleon's agreement with Church
• Robespierre: Orders reign of terror
• Continental System: Embargo between Europe and England (prevents trade)
• Coalition: An alliance for a single purpose
• Congress of Vienna: A meeting to determine how to have peace in Europe
• Concert of Europe: If any country has a revolution, the others will come to rescue
• Balance of Power: Any european country can't have more power than any other
• Conservatives: Keep King
• Moderates: want King and national assembly
• Radicals: Only national assembly
• Reign of Terror: 2 years when Jacobins will execute anyone who felt bad for the king
• Mercantilism: Countries only care about money, and if jews can help, they'll be welcomed
• Corporate Autonomy/Kehilla: Jewish communal system (Jews get their own systems)
• Philosophical Change: Enlightenment
• Enlightened Absolutism: Absolute monarchs influenced by enlightenment
• Haskalah: Where Jews want to interact with outside culture
• Neo-Orthodox: Hirschs orthodoxy (modern orthodox)