French Revolution
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Questions and Answers

What principles did the French Revolution bring to the foreground?

  • Civic equality and popular sovereignty (correct)
  • Divine right and aristocratic privilege
  • Religious intolerance and absolutism
  • Feudalism and monarchy

    • Who would defeat armies composed of professional soldiers during the French Revolution?

  • Citizen armies commanded by people of modest origin (correct)
  • Mercenaries hired by aristocrats
  • Foreign intervention forces
  • Revolutionary leaders from the nobility

    • What would be challenged by the French Revolution?

  • The authority of the Enlightenment philosophers
  • The existence of the Roman Catholic faith in France and Christianity itself (correct)
  • The power of the European monarchs
  • The legitimacy of the feudal system

    • What problem did the origins of the French Revolution lay in?

    <p>A much more mundane problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary cause of the financial crisis faced by the French royal government in the late 1780s?

    <p>Heavy expenditures associated with supporting the American revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the proportion of the entire budget that went into interest and payments on the royal debt on the eve of the revolution?

    <p>Just over one-half</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main consequence of France's inability to collect sufficient taxes?

    <p>An impoverished government with peasants bearing the heaviest tax burden</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the major obstacle faced by the monarchy in its attempts to increase taxes on the nobility?

    <p>Opposition from both the Parlement of Paris and provincial parlements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the state of the French monarch's moral authority on the eve of the revolution?

    <p>The monarchy lost much of its moral authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for the summoning of the French Estates General for the first time since 1614?

    <p>The monarchy's search for adequate revenues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary factor contributing to the ongoing conflicts between the monarchy and aristocratic institutions?

    <p>The monarchy's attempts to increase taxes on the nobility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason for the French monarchy's struggle to resolve the dispute with the aristocracy?

    <p>Lack of character, resolution, and political skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the response of the parlements, dominated by the aristocracy, to the monarchy's attempts to increase taxes on the nobility?

    <p>Used the language of liberty and reform to defend their cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the French monarch's public image and daily reality compare to other contemporary monarchs?

    <p>The French monarchy faced a more problematic public image and daily reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the perception of the French monarch's political power in his clashes with the aristocracy?

    <p>The French monarch stood at a distinct popular disadvantage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed bold financial reforms, facing opposition from the Assembly of Notables?

    <p>Charles Alexandre de Calonne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event led to the convocation of the Estates General in 1789?

    <p>The refusal of bankers to extend credit to the government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was seen as having a model character and seeking economic improvement?

    <p>George III of Great Britain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Assembly of Notables call for regarding tax matters?

    <p>Involvement of the Estates General</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who replaced Calonne with Étienne Charles Loménie de Brienne?

    <p>Louis XVI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What group refused to authorize new taxes and demanded the restoration of their privileges?

    <p>The Parlement of Paris and the clergy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who found the financial situation dire after replacing Calonne?

    <p>Étienne Charles Loménie de Brienne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the bankers refuse to do, leading to the convocation of the Estates General?

    <p>Extend credit to the government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was replaced by Necker, leading to imminent political reform?

    <p>Étienne Charles Loménie de Brienne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What group made their own demands, escalating the crisis?

    <p>The local aristocratic parlements and estates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who downplayed France's financial difficulties, revealing excessive royal expenditures?

    <p>Jacques Necker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What worsened Louis XVI's financial problems?

    <p>France's intervention in the American Revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the name of the new legislative body formed by the clergy, nobles, and the Third Estate?

    <p>The National Assembly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event led to the famous Tennis Court Oath?

    <p>Louis XVI's attempt to close the room where the National Assembly met</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the name of the new legislative body after the king capitulated?

    <p>The National Constituent Assembly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action by Louis XVI led to growing tension and anxiety in Paris?

    <p>Mustering troops and dismissing his finance minister</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prompted the populace of Paris to organize a citizen militia and march to the Bastille?

    <p>Anxiety about the royal troops and the dismissal of the finance minister</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the storming of the Bastille?

    <p>Release of non-political prisoners, killing of troops and the governor, and formation of the National Guard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the attack on the Bastille signal?

    <p>The National Constituent Assembly alone would not determine the nation's political future</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the fall of the Bastille inspire?

    <p>Similar disturbances in provincial cities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the fall of the Bastille lead to, in addition to events at Versailles?

    <p>Further unrest in provincial cities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the commander of the National Guard formed after the fall of the Bastille?

    <p>Marquis de Lafayette</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the fall of the Bastille mark?

    <p>The first of many crucial events where the populace of Paris redirected the course of the revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Louis XVI's attempts to regain control ultimately lead to?

    <p>Growing tension and unrest, culminating in the storming of the Bastille and the formation of the National Guard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the composition of the Estates General?

    <p>Clergy, nobility, and the Third Estate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the representatives of the Third Estate express their determination not to allow?

    <p>Monarchy and aristocracy to determine the nation's future</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the cahiers de doléances criticize?

    <p>Government waste, taxes, and aristocratic privileges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the royal council decide to do to strengthen the influence of the Third Estate?

    <p>Double the number of representatives from the Third Estate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the cahiers de doléances call for?

    <p>Reforms such as equality of rights, more equitable taxes, and a free press</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the conflict among the estates become during the Estates General?

    <p>The norm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the cahiers de doléances provide valuable insight into?

    <p>The state of France on the eve of the revolution and the desire for major reform</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary representation of the Third Estate?

    <p>Commercial and professional middle classes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the aristocracy's attempts to dominate the Estates General raise doubts about?

    <p>Their concern for French liberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the cahiers de doléances indicate about the three estates?

    <p>They could have cooperated for reform, but conflict soon emerged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the interests of the aristocracy and the prosperous members of the Third Estate do?

    <p>Converged, but a fundamental social distance separated the two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the fundamental social distance between the aristocracy and the prosperous members of the Third Estate?

    <p>A significant divide despite shared interests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for the summoning of the French Estates General for the first time since 1614?

    <p>To address the political deadlock between the monarchy, aristocracy, and the church</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the cahiers de doléances call for?

    <p>More equitable taxes, local administration control, and equality of rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main consequence of France's inability to collect sufficient taxes?

    <p>Increased burden on the Third Estate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the fundamental social distance between the aristocracy and the prosperous members of the Third Estate?

    <p>Shared interests and cooperation for reform</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason for the French monarchy's struggle to resolve the dispute with the aristocracy?

    <p>Fundamental social distance and conflicting interests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main obstacle faced by the monarchy in its attempts to increase taxes on the nobility?

    <p>Resistance from the aristocracy and parlements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the perception of the French monarch's political power in his clashes with the aristocracy?

    <p>Seen as absolute and unchallenged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the name of the new legislative body formed by the clergy, nobles, and the Third Estate?

    <p>The National Assembly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the storming of the Bastille?

    <p>The formation of a citizen militia and march to Versailles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the attack on the Bastille signal?

    <p>The beginning of the French Revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the fall of the Bastille lead to, in addition to events at Versailles?

    <p>The formation of the National Guard and further revolutionary actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed bold financial reforms, facing opposition from the Assembly of Notables?

    <p>Charles Alexandre de Calonne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The French Revolution Unfolds

    • The Third Estate, consisting of local officials, professionals, and property owners, refused to sit separately as the king wanted and invited the clergy and nobles to join them in forming a new legislative body, the National Assembly.
    • Louis XVI attempted to reassert control by closing the room where the National Assembly met, leading to the famous Tennis Court Oath where members vowed to continue until France had a constitution.
    • The king eventually capitulated, and the National Assembly, now the National Constituent Assembly, aimed for administrative, constitutional, and economic reform with a majority from all three orders.
    • Louis XVI's attempts to regain control by mustering troops and dismissing his finance minister led to growing tension and anxiety in Paris.
    • The populace of Paris, anxious about the royal troops and the dismissal of the finance minister, organized a citizen militia and marched to the Bastille to obtain weapons.
    • The storming of the Bastille, a fortress that had once held political prisoners, resulted in the release of non-political prisoners, the killing of troops and the governor, and the formation of the National Guard under the command of Marquis de Lafayette.
    • The attack on the Bastille marked a turning point, signaling that the National Constituent Assembly alone would not determine the nation's political future.
    • The fall of the Bastille inspired similar disturbances in provincial cities and prompted Louis XVI to personally visit Paris.
    • The revolution extended beyond events at Versailles, with the fall of the Bastille leading to further unrest in provincial cities.
    • The fall of the Bastille also led to the formation of the National Guard under Marquis de Lafayette's command and the adoption of the tricolor flag of revolutionary France.
    • The fall of the Bastille marked the first of many crucial events where the populace of Paris redirected the course of the revolution.
    • Louis XVI's attempts to regain control and thwart the revolution ultimately led to growing tension and unrest, culminating in the storming of the Bastille and the formation of the National Guard.

    The Revolution of 1789: The Estates General and the National Assembly

    • The Estates General was convened due to a political deadlock between the French monarchy, aristocratic institutions, and the church.
    • It was composed of three estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the Third Estate, primarily representing the commercial and professional middle classes.
    • Representatives of the Third Estate expressed their determination not to allow the monarchy and aristocracy to determine the nation's future.
    • Debate arose over the organization and voting method of the Estates General, with the aristocracy attempting to limit the influence of the Third Estate.
    • The aristocracy's attempts to dominate the Estates General raised doubts about their concern for French liberty.
    • The interests of the aristocracy and the prosperous members of the Third Estate had converged, but a fundamental social distance separated the two.
    • The royal council decided to double the number of representatives from the Third Estate, aiming to strengthen its influence.
    • The representatives brought cahiers de doléances, or lists of grievances, which criticized government waste, taxes, and aristocratic privileges.
    • The cahiers also called for reforms such as equality of rights, more equitable taxes, and a free press.
    • The cahiers indicated that the three estates could have cooperated for reform, but conflict soon emerged after the opening of the Estates General.
    • The conflict among the estates, rather than cooperation, became the norm during the Estates General.
    • The cahiers de doléances provided valuable insight into the state of France on the eve of the revolution and the desire for major reform.

    The Revolution of 1789: The Estates General and the Birth of the National Assembly

    • The Estates General was called due to political deadlock between the French monarchy, aristocratic institutions, and the church
    • It consisted of the clergy, nobility, and the Third Estate, primarily comprised of wealthy members of the middle class
    • The representatives of the Third Estate were determined to assert their role in decision-making for the nation
    • There was a debate over the organization and voting process of the Estates General
    • The aristocracy attempted to limit the influence of the Third Estate by demanding equal representation and voting by estate rather than by head
    • Despite some shared interests, a fundamental social distance separated the aristocracy and the Third Estate
    • The royal council decided to double the number of representatives for the Third Estate, strengthening its influence
    • The representatives brought cahiers de doléances, listing grievances, to the royal palace, highlighting the state of France before the revolution
    • The cahiers called for major reforms, including more equitable taxes, local administration control, and equality of rights
    • The cahiers indicated that the three estates could have cooperated for reform, but conflict emerged as the Estates General opened
    • The documents criticized government waste, indirect taxes, church taxes and corruption, and the hunting rights of the aristocracy
    • There was broad agreement that the French government needed major reform and greater equality in taxation

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    Explore the pivotal events and political developments of the French Revolution with this quiz. Test your knowledge of the formation of the National Assembly, the storming of the Bastille, and the role of the Estates General in setting the stage for this historic revolution.

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