French Revolution Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which group within the Third Estate possessed the largest portion of land?

  • The high clergy
  • Middle-class members
  • The nobility
  • Peasants (correct)

What was a significant difference in the composition between the high clergy and parish priests in pre-revolutionary France?

  • Parish priests had more political influence
  • The high clergy were more likely to be involved in agricultural activities
  • Parish priests were wealthier.
  • The high clergy were usually from noble families, while parish priests were from the commoners. (correct)

How did the Enlightenment ideas influence the French Revolution?

  • They served as a model for maintaining social inequality.
  • They encouraged the preservation of absolute monarchy.
  • They inspired the ideals of individual rights and representative institutions. (correct)
  • They had no impact on the French populace.

Which estate was responsible for the payment of the taille, France's chief tax, prior to the revolution?

<p>The Third Estate bore the burden of the taille (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides land ownership what other significant role the Second Estate predominantly held in pre-revolutionary French society?

<p>They held significant positions in government, the military, and the church. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the American Revolution influenced the French people and fuelled their desire for political change?

<p>The American Revolution demonstrated a successful revolt against a monarchy was possible. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Among the three estates in France, what was a significant reason for the widespread disparity in wealth and social status?

<p>The system of privileges and exemptions held by the First and Second Estates. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the provided text, what was a major outcome of the French Revolution that marked a distinct societal shift?

<p>The formation of a new social order emphasizing individual rights and loyalty to the nation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the National Convention's decision to abolish the monarchy?

<p>The overwhelming distrust of the king by the Convention members. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'sans-culottes' literally translates to what?

<p>Without breeches (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the composition of the National Convention?

<p>Dominated by lawyers, professionals, and property owners. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of the execution of Louis XVI?

<p>The formation of an anti-French coalition of European powers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of the Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror?

<p>To suppress counter-revolutionaries and solidify the republic. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the adoption of the guillotine during the French Revolution?

<p>It was a more humane method to execute prisoners. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which societal group comprised most of the victims of the Reign of Terror?

<p>The Third Estate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the 'Republic of Virtue' as envisioned by Robespierre?

<p>A democratic society of patriotic citizens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the sans-culottes wearing long trousers?

<p>To set themselves apart from the nobles who wore breeches. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the Committee of Public Safety attempt to control inflation?

<p>To stabilize the economy during the revolution and war. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for the split between the Girondins and the Mountain?

<p>Girondins feared the radical mobs of Paris, while the Mountain represented radicals in Paris. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the 'Society for Revolutionary Republican Women'?

<p>They demonstrated their willingness to defend the republic. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a measure taken during the Reign of Terror?

<p>Establishment of revolutionary courts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the National Convention give broad powers to the Committee of Public Safety?

<p>To address domestic threats and foreign invasion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents the political alignment of the Jacobin club during the French Revolution?

<p>They advocated for the most radical changes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary grievance of the French peasantry leading up to the revolution?

<p>The requirement to pay fees to use the lord's mill and press. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group within the Third Estate experienced the most significant decline in buying power during the 1700s?

<p>Urban craftspeople and workers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The bourgeoisie of the Third Estate primarily sought what?

<p>To better their own lives and gain more political power. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a shared sentiment between the bourgeoisie and the nobles prior to the French Revolution?

<p>Resentment towards a system based on privilege and an old social order. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What direct influence did Enlightenment writers have on the initial stages of the French Revolution?

<p>They provided ideas that were often quoted by the revolution’s leaders. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which major economic factor directly contributed to the outbreak of the French Revolution?

<p>Bad harvests leading to food shortages and rising consumer prices. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the spending habits of the French monarchy contribute to the outbreak of the French Revolution?

<p>The extravagance of the king and queen fueled popular resentment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event forced King Louis XVI to convene the Estates-General for the first time in 175 years?

<p>France's complete and total financial collapse. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What crucial demand by the Third Estate led to a deadlock in the Estates-General?

<p>For each deputy to have one vote instead of each estate having one. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the 'Tennis Court Oath' taken by members of the Third Estate?

<p>To promise not to leave office until a constitution was written. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the storming of the Bastille?

<p>It marked the beginning of the French revolution by demonstrating the collapse of royal control in Paris. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the 'Great Fear' impact the beginning of the French Revolution?

<p>It caused widespread panic and peasant rebellions as many feared reprisal from the monarchy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific financial policy did the Third Estate propose to alleviate the French financial crisis?

<p>The abolition of Taille, and that the clergy and nobles pay it too. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many new nobles were created in the 1700s by appointment, contributing to social tension?

<p>Approximately 6,500. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was not a component of the Third Estate?

<p>Landowners. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary belief system that the National Convention sought to undermine during its policy of de-Christianization?

<p>Christianity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the symbolic significance of designating the cathedral of Notre Dame as a 'temple of Reason' during the French Revolution?

<p>It was meant to show the people's rejection of Catholic religious influence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the revolutionary calendar alter the traditional concept of the week?

<p>It introduced ten-day weeks with one rest day (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the Committee of Public Safety's decree to raise an army?

<p>To defend France against both domestic and foreign threats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguished the new French army from earlier European armies?

<p>It was created by a people’s government rather than by rulers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the ultimate fate of Robespierre after his obsession with ridding France of corruption became excessive?

<p>He was arrested and then executed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the period following Robespierre's death, what changes were made to government and religious policies?

<p>The National Convention weakened. Churches were allowed to reopen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the structure of the new government under the Constitution of 1795 reflect a shift in political power?

<p>It created a system where only property owners had the right to vote. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for the Directory being known for corruption?

<p>They made fortunes from government contracts and loans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What led to the Directory losing power?

<p>Its dependence on the military and ultimately its overthrow by a military leader (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a 'coup d’état' as defined in the provided text?

<p>A sudden overthrow of the government (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did radicals seek to accomplish in the French Revolution after the end of the Reign of Terror?

<p>Form a regime like Robespierre's (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental concept was shared by both the American and French Revolutions, as stated in the text?

<p>A decrease in the importance of a central government, and an increase in personal freedom (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The calendar change of the French Revolution did which of the following?

<p>Eliminated Sundays. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Following the death of Robespierre, what was the first step the National Convention took?

<p>Weakened the Committee of Public Safety (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these options accurately reflects the core principle of liberalism as described in the text?

<p>Advocating for individual freedom and limited government intervention. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the concepts of liberalism and nationalism as presented in the text?

<p>Liberalism promotes individual rights, while nationalism focuses on collective identity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text's description of conservatism and liberalism, which of the following would be aligned with a conservative viewpoint?

<p>Preserving traditional social and political structures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which BEST demonstrates the application of the principle of nationalism in the text?

<p>The Hungarians' desire for self-governance independent from Austrian rule. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the French Revolution contribute to the rise of nationalism?

<p>It promoted the idea that each nation should have self-determination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the shared intellectual inspiration for both the American and French Revolutions?

<p>Enlightenment ideals of liberty and representation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the American Revolution differ from the French Revolution in its immediate outcome regarding the form of government established?

<p>The American Revolution resulted in a constitutional democracy, while the French Revolution initially created a short-lived republic which then fell to violence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant contributing factor to the radical turn of the French Revolution following the storming of the Bastille?

<p>The rise of violence and instability following the initial stages of the revolution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the social structure of pre-revolutionary France contribute to the unrest that led to the French Revolution?

<p>The heavy tax burden placed on the Third Estate while the First and Second Estates had exemptions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Storming of the Bastille in the context of the French Revolution?

<p>It symbolized the start of the revolution and the challenge to royal authority. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Third Estate' refer to in the context of French pre-revolutionary social structure?

<p>The middle and lower classes including peasants, artisans, and the bourgeoise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these describes a key difference between the French and American Revolutions in the way they handled government creation?

<p>The American Revolution quickly established a constitution using debate and compromise with less violence, while the French Revolution saw shifts in power and leaders with periods of extreme violence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the economic policies of the pre-revolutionary French monarchy contribute to the social unrest?

<p>They placed a disproportionate tax burden on the Third Estate while being largely exempt from the nobility and clergy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept is associated with the French revolutionary ideals of 'liberty, equality, and fraternity'?

<p>The core principles of social and political reform. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the French economic structure impact the Third Estate?

<p>It carried the majority of the tax burden and had limited influence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What long-term impact did the American and French Revolutions have on other regions?

<p>They inspired revolutions in Latin America against colonial powers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was the Directory established in France?

<p>It was introduced as a response to the excesses and violence of the Reign of Terror (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What made pre-revolutionary France ripe for social unrest in the 1700s?

<p>A rigid hierarchy in which the Third Estate bore the largest tax burden but had the least political power (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary target of the Third Estate's resentment in pre-revolutionary France?

<p>The clergy and nobility's exemption from many taxes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were three key Enlightenment thinkers and writers who influenced both the American and French Revolutions?

<p>Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary factor contributing to the French monarchy's financial difficulties before the revolution?

<p>Substantial debt incurred from involvement in foreign conflicts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary method Napoleon used to control information and suppress dissent within France?

<p>Implementing a rigorous system of censorship and government scrutiny over publications and mail. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the drought and harvest failures impact the lower classes in pre-revolutionary France?

<p>They caused widespread food shortages and inflation, exacerbating their economic hardship. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Napoleon's rule paradoxically undermine some of the revolutionary ideals that were initially pursued during the French Revolution?

<p>By establishing an authoritarian regime that suppressed civil liberties. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Napoleon's initial military commission as a second lieutenant?

<p>It marked the start of his military career after graduating from military school. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action did Napoleon take to resolve the strained relationship between the French government and the Catholic Church?

<p>He reached an agreement recognizing Catholicism as the religion of the majority, while preventing land recovery. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle, established by the French revolutionaries, did the Napoleonic Code uphold, albeit with restrictions?

<p>The equal application of law for all male citizens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Napoleon's role as consul of France initially aim to resolve existing conflicts?

<p>By pursuing a brief respite of peace to consolidate governmental stability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant impact of the Civil Code on women's legal status in French society?

<p>It reversed some progressive laws, leading to a reduction in rights and an inferior status. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary structure of Napoleon’s Grand Empire?

<p>A system consisting of the French Empire, dependent states ruled by his relatives, and allied nations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Napoleon’s approach regarding the implementation of legal equality within his Grand Empire?

<p>He sought to implement standardized laws promoting equal opportunity and religious tolerance in places he controlled. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Napoleon promote individuals within his administration and military?

<p>Based on merit and demonstrated ability rather than traditional class systems. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key component of Napoleon's domestic policies as related to the French Revolution?

<p>He maintained the key principles of equality before the law and increased access to public office. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pivotal development contributed significantly to the eventual downfall of Napoleon's empire?

<p>The growth of <em>nationalism</em> resulting in resistance to French domination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Napoleon's approach to religion reflect his Enlightenment beliefs?

<p>He viewed religious beliefs as a means to achieve social harmony, rather than a matter of spiritual truth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best characterizes the immediate reaction of European nations to Napoleon’s rise to power?

<p>They formed coalitions to oppose Napoleon’s growing influence and military expansion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental principle of the French Revolution did Napoleon's control over information directly undermine?

<p>The concept of individual liberty and free thought. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what crucial way did Napoleon leverage his popularity in order to consolidate his power?

<p>He used his popular support as leverage to codify laws and reform the bureaucracy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the consequence of Napoleon's military victories from 1805 to 1807?

<p>Napoleon became the primary authority in Europe. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defined Napoleon’s military successes in Italy?

<p>His use of strategies involving speed, surprise, and decisive actions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of Napoleon’s efforts to dismantle the old order in the core and dependent regions of his empire?

<p>It helped spread some principles of the French Revolution including equal opportunity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Napoleon’s creation of a new aristocracy?

<p>It served to create an aristocracy based on service to the state rather than birthright. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a long-term effect of the spread of French revolutionary principles within the Grand Empire?

<p>The development of political liberalism in numerous countries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did less consumer spending have on the French economy before the revolution?

<p>It aggravated existing unemployment within the manufacturing sector. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a distinctive trait of Napoleon's military leadership that contributed to his success?

<p>His innovative and unconventional battle tactics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the French Revolution directly contributed to Napoleon’s ability to rise through the ranks?

<p>The opening up of all ranks and positions based on merit instead of social class. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Napoleon’s domestic policy changes affect the function of the Catholic Church in France?

<p>They diminished the church's influence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were two key factors that led to the economic struggles of the French state before the revolution?

<p>Large debts from funding wars and an inability to collect needed taxes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the dynamic between Napoleon’s ambition and the political climate of his time?

<p>The political instability created an opportune environment for Napoleon’s power grab. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key change introduced during the radical phase of the French Revolution that the Civil Code subsequently reversed?

<p>The ease with which divorce could be obtained and equal rights by daughters to inherit property. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event in 1794 ended the Reign of Terror and ushered in a new phase of the French Revolution?

<p>The execution of Maximilien Robespierre (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary reason for the Directory's downfall in 1799?

<p>The Directory's inability to establish a strong and stable government, leading to corruption and unrest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Committee of Public Safety's actions during the Reign of Terror reflect the ideals of the French Revolution?

<p>The Committee of Public Safety contradicted the revolutionary ideal of fraternity by promoting social divisions and violence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following aspects of Napoleon's rule was NOT a continuation of the French Revolution's ideals?

<p>Napoleon's betrayal of the revolutionary ideal of freedom of expression by implementing censorship (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'conservatism' as it emerged after Napoleon's fall?

<p>A political philosophy promoting traditional social order, stability, and obedience to established authority (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary motive behind Napoleon's attempt to weaken Great Britain by blocking trade?

<p>To undermine the British economy and weaken their ability to oppose Napoleon's ambitions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a key factor contributing to Napoleon's downfall in Russia?

<p>Napoleon's failure to adequately prepare his troops for the harsh Russian winter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Congress of Vienna attempt to prevent future conflict in Europe after Napoleon's defeat?

<p>By redrawing territorial boundaries to create a balance of power among European nations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a direct outcome of Napoleon's conquests in Europe?

<p>The establishment of a lasting and stable French Empire, encompassing all of continental Europe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Napoleon's primary goal in establishing the Concordat of 1801?

<p>To reconcile with the Catholic Church and gain its support for his rule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Napoleon's actions contradict the revolutionary ideals of the French Revolution?

<p>Napoleon's expansion of the French Empire through conquest and the suppression of individual liberties (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Napoleon's invasion of Russia ultimately fail?

<p>Napoleon's inadequate preparation for the harsh Russian winter and the resulting depletion of his army (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately reflects the philosophy of conservatism as it emerged in post-Napoleonic Europe?

<p>A commitment to traditional societal structures, stability, and obedience to established authority (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a 'coup d'état' as defined in the context of this text?

<p>A sudden and illegal overthrow of the government, often by military force (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Napoleon's primary aim in reforming the French legal system?

<p>To create a more centralized and efficient legal system, replacing a complex and fragmented system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle guided Prince Klemens von Metternich during the Congress of Vienna?

<p>Legitimacy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major goal of the Congress of Vienna?

<p>Prevent domination by any one country (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosophy primarily characterized the views of conservatives after the Napoleonic era?

<p>Tradition and stability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of the Second Treaty of Paris for France?

<p>Payment of a heavy fine to Allied nations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the principle of intervention justify for the great powers?

<p>Sending armies to restore monarchs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the reaction of European powers to the forces unleashed by the French Revolution?

<p>Efforts to contain revolutionary sentiments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Congress of Vienna impact the territorial arrangements in Europe?

<p>It aimed to redistribute territory for balance of power (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ideology did conservatives traditionally oppose in the years following the Napoleonic Wars?

<p>Revolutionary movements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the aims of the Concert of Europe that emerged after Napoleon's fall?

<p>To prevent military conflicts between the great powers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of governance did most conservatives reject in favor of traditional monarchies?

<p>Representative government (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Upon removal from power, what attitude did the European monarchs adopt regarding revolutionary ideals?

<p>They sought to suppress them and restore order (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the great powers address the balance of power concerning Russia after Napoleon's defeat?

<p>By redistributing territories among Prussia and Austria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key component of conservatism during the early 19th century?

<p>Importance of religion for societal order (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change was restored to France before the Congress of Vienna convened?

<p>The Bourbon king was reinstated (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiated the formation of the National Assembly by the Third Estate?

<p>Disputes over the voting system in the Estates-General (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a key outcome of the Constitution of 1791?

<p>Introduction of a limited monarchy with a Legislative Assembly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant change made to the Catholic Church during the French Revolution?

<p>Bishops and priests became elected positions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event triggered widespread revolts across France during the revolution?

<p>Food shortages and economic distress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen emphasize?

<p>Equal rights for all men before the law (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group within France was primarily responsible for the radicalization of the revolution?

<p>The Sans-Culottes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sparked the implementation of the Reign of Terror?

<p>Fear of external invasions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the Cahiers de Doléance is correct?

<p>They called for comprehensive constitutional reform. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Great Fear signify during the revolution?

<p>Popular fear of rumor-driven violence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the Committee of Public Safety during the revolution?

<p>To defend France against internal and external threats (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What economic issues contributed to the radicalization of the revolution after 1791?

<p>Price increases and shortages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key factor that led to the collapse of the Old Regime?

<p>The collective grievances expressed in cahiers de doléance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the new government structure set by the Constitution of 1791?

<p>A distinction between active and passive citizens based on property (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the immediate reaction of peasants to the record of their obligations?

<p>They broke into lords' houses to destroy obligation records. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main action taken by the National Assembly on August 4, 1789?

<p>They abolished all legal privileges of the nobles and clergy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which major document influenced the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen?

<p>The English Bill of Rights of 1689. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, what should be the basis for appointment to public office?

<p>Talent and merit. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Olympe de Gouges' main response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen?

<p>She wrote a declaration advocating for women's equal rights. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event led to the royal family returning to Paris and becoming virtual prisoners?

<p>The Women’s March to Versailles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the National Assembly address the issue of the Catholic Church in France?

<p>They made all Church officials state employees. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, how were bishops and priests selected?

<p>They were elected by the people. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change did the Constitution of 1791 bring to France?

<p>It created a limited monarchy with a Legislative Assembly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to this text, who was able to be elected to the Legislative Assembly under the Constitution of 1791?

<p>Only wealthy members of society. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major event occurred in June 1791 involving the royal family?

<p>They attempted to flee France in disguise. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Austria and Prussia threaten to use force against France?

<p>They wanted to restore Louis XVI to full power. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the Legislative Assembly declare war on Austria in 1792?

<p>They felt threatened by outside forces. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action did the Paris Commune take against the king?

<p>They arrested the king and suspended the monarchy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change was made to the election of deputies for the new National Convention?

<p>They were to be elected by universal male suffrage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary strategy did Napoleon utilize to attempt to weaken Great Britain economically?

<p>Implementing the Continental System to blockade British goods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant consequence of Napoleon's invasion of Russia?

<p>The retreat of the Grand Army due to winter conditions led to massive casualties. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Battle of Trafalgar impact Napoleon's military strategy?

<p>It permanently weakened Napoleon’s navy and hindered his ability to invade Britain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What facilitated the rise of nationalism among peoples conquered by Napoleon?

<p>The unification against a common enemy and realization of national identity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a contributing factor to the failure of the Continental System?

<p>New trade markets that emerged outside of European borders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the key reasons why Napoleon's army was unable to sustain itself during the retreat from Russia?

<p>The army was unprepared for the harsh winter conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggered the eventual downfall of Napoleon and his empire after the Russian campaign?

<p>A coordinated attack by allied European nations on the weakened French army (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event followed Napoleon's exile to Elba?

<p>Napoleon returned to France and regained support from the military (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Napoleon's rallying cry 'Long live the emperor!' signify upon his return to France?

<p>The resounding support for his leadership and reign (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What led to the failure of Napoleon's army at the Battle of Waterloo?

<p>The effective strategies employed by the British-Prussian forces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Russians attempt to hinder Napoleon’s progress during the invasion?

<p>By adopting scorched earth tactics, burning their own villages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the status of British overseas exports by 1810 despite the Continental System?

<p>Exports were maintained at near-record highs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Napoleon's intention behind invading Russia in 1812?

<p>To enforce the rules of the Continental System (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the immediate outcome of the combined assaults on France by other European powers after Napoleon's retreat from Russia?

<p>Paris was captured, leading to Napoleon's abdication. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Despite the revolutionary ideals of equality, how did the Napoleonic Code potentially perpetuate existing social hierarchies?

<p>It upheld the traditional principle of primogeniture, favoring the firstborn son in inheritance, which sustained existing power structures within families. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the appointment of clergy by Napoleon and the Church's financial reliance on him suggest about the respective power balances?

<p>It showcases Napoleon's control over the Church, highlighting the state's dominance in matters concerning religion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given Napoleon's ambition to spread revolutionary ideals across Europe, how did his rule in conquered territories potentially contradict these principles?

<p>He prioritized stability over revolution, often imposing authoritarian rule in conquered territories to maintain control. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the disastrous Russian Campaign, what was the main reason behind the decimation of Napoleon's army?

<p>The Russian scorched Earth tactics and harsh winter conditions significantly weakened Napoleon's army, resulting in heavy casualties. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of Napoleon's Continental System, an economic strategy aimed at weakening Britain?

<p>To impose a complete trade embargo on Britain, aiming to cripple their economy and force them to negotiate peace. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Napoleon's efforts to contain Britain through the Continental System ironically contribute to the rise of nationalism in Europe?

<p>It caused economic hardships and resentment among Europeans, making them view Napoleon's dominance as a threat to their national interests. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best reflects the underlying cause of Napoleon's downfall, linking his ambitious goals to his ultimate defeat?

<p>Napoleon's expansionist ambitions, leading to wars and conquests that exhausted his resources and sparked opposition, ultimately contributed to his downfall. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Although Napoleon's ambitions ultimately led to his downfall, what enduring impact did he have on the European political landscape?

<p>He contributed to the rise of nationalism, influencing the formation of modern national identities across Europe. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Napoleon's rule, intended to create a more efficient administration, potentially contradicted the revolutionary ideal of individual liberty?

<p>His implementation of centralized control over the government and bureaucracy, restricting local autonomy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

While Napoleon's conquests aimed to spread revolutionary ideals, how did they potentially contribute to the rise of nationalist sentiments in Europe?

<p>Napoleon's conquests fueled a sense of resistance and resistance amongst conquered populations, strengthening national identities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Napoleon's rule, designed to safeguard social order, contradicted the revolutionary ideal of freedom of expression?

<p>His use of secret police and censorship of the press, measures intended to maintain order but restricting individual freedoms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Napoleon's ambition to control a vast empire potentially create challenges in managing such a sprawling territory?

<p>Napoleon's efforts to maintain a unified empire faced resistance from conquered populations, who sought autonomy and independence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant challenge posed by Napoleon's attempt to impose the Continental System on Europe, regarding its effectiveness in weakening Britain?

<p>The Continental System faced significant opposition from European nations, with widespread defiance and resistance against the trade restrictions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant contradiction between Napoleon's claim to embody revolutionary principles and his actions during his rule?

<p>Napoleon's expansionist wars, aimed at conquering new territories and securing a vast empire, contradicted the ideal of peace and non-aggression. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Despite his downfall, what lasting impacts did Napoleon have on modern society, reflecting the enduring influence of his rule?

<p>He contributed to the rise of nationalism, shaping modern national identities and influencing the formation of modern nation-states. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change in allegiance was emphasized by Enlightenment ideals during the French Revolution?

<p>Loyalty to a nation rather than a monarch (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the economic role of the nobility in pre-revolutionary France regarding taxation?

<p>They were exempt from many taxes, including the taille (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the social structure within the Third Estate?

<p>It was marked by significant differences in occupation and wealth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributed to the Enlightenment ideas influencing the French Revolution?

<p>The success of the American Revolution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the French Revolution, what was a defining characteristic of the First Estate?

<p>They were divided between wealthy high clergy and poor parish priests (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Third Estate play in the land ownership dynamics of pre-revolutionary France?

<p>They owned 35 to 40 percent of the land, reflecting their economic struggle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was an overarching social issue that characterized pre-revolutionary French society?

<p>Rigidity and absence of social mobility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the population distribution among the estates contribute to social inequality in France?

<p>The Third Estate was the most populous but lacked political power and representation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key characteristic of the sans-culottes during the French Revolution?

<p>They considered themselves as ordinary patriots. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary motive behind the beheading of Louis XVI?

<p>To eliminate a rallying point for royalist opposition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the core principle that differentiates nationalism from both conservatism and liberalism?

<p>Belief that each cultural group should have its own independent government. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group was primarily responsible for instigating the Reign of Terror?

<p>The Committee of Public Safety. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did the ideas of nationalism directly challenge the existing political order of Europe in the late 1700s and early 1800s?

<p>By supporting the idea that each distinct cultural group should have its own autonomous state. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the Reign of Terror, which method became an alternative to the guillotine for executions?

<p>Grapeshot. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a defining characteristic that nationalists believe is essential for a group to be considered a 'nation'?

<p>A common language, culture, and shared social institutions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What vision did Robespierre have for society during the radical phase of the revolution?

<p>A democratic republic of virtuous citizens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Congress of Vienna reflect a conservative response to the political changes brought about by the Napoleonic era?

<p>By attempting to restore the traditional monarchies that Napoleon had overthrown, showing a desire for stability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do liberal political philosophies differ from nationalistic ones, based on the content?

<p>Liberalism emphasizes the safeguarding of personal civil liberties and freedoms from government intrusion, while nationalism prioritizes a distinct community based on culture and language. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the National Convention is accurate?

<p>It included many members with prior political experience. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a direct consequence of the execution of Louis XVI?

<p>Formation of a coalition of European monarchies against France. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What economic strategy did the Committee of Public Safety attempt during its governance?

<p>Set price controls on essential goods. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature made the guillotine popular among revolutionaries?

<p>It was perceived as a humane method of execution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Committee of Public Safety identify as a temporary measure in their policies?

<p>Severe actions during the Reign of Terror. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a policy enacted by the Committee of Public Safety?

<p>Restoration of feudal privileges. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary societal role of women during the radical stage of the revolution?

<p>They observed and demanded reforms in the National Convention. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary fear that motivated the Girondins during the revolution?

<p>Fear of radical mobs from Paris. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the local leaders of the Paris Commune influence the National Convention?

<p>They pressured for more radical reforms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Napoleonic Code most significantly diverge from the core tenets of the French Revolution?

<p>By limiting certain individual rights, especially those of women. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the most paradoxical aspect of Napoleon's rule in its relation to the French Revolution?

<p>His propagation of revolutionary ideas while establishing an empire. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor most substantially contributed to the failure of the Continental System?

<p>The British naval blockade of European ports. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Napoleon's approach to religion in France contrast with the radical secularism of the Revolution's early phase?

<p>He negotiated a compromise with the Catholic Church. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant long-term impact of the Napoleonic Wars on European political thought?

<p>The rise of nationalism and movements for self-determination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains why the French people largely supported Napoleon's rise to power, despite the revolution’s initial goals?

<p>He promised stability and order after years of turmoil. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Napoleon's military strategy in Russia prove to be fundamentally flawed?

<p>He failed to account for the harsh winter conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Napoleon’s merit-based system of awarding government positions contrast with pre-revolutionary French society?

<p>It promoted individuals regardless of their social standing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way was Napoleon's control of the clergy most beneficial to his rule?

<p>It ensured that the church became a tool for political loyalty. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental issue led to the initial clash between the Third Estate and King Louis XVI when the Estates-General convened?

<p>The method of voting and representation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group within the Third Estate was most directly impacted by the economic conditions that fueled revolutionary sentiment?

<p>The landless peasants and urban laborers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did France's tax system before the revolution contribute to social unrest?

<p>It disproportionately burdened the Third Estate while exempting the nobility and clergy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the structure of the Estates-General inherently disadvantage the Third Estate?

<p>It allowed each estate only one unified vote, regardless of size. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary objective of the 'Patriots' within the Estates-General?

<p>To establish a constitutional monarchy with limitations on the king’s power. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the most significant difference in the application of revolutionary ideals across the French Revolution and Napoleonic era?

<p>The shift from a focus on equality and liberty to stability and order. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of the Congress of Vienna?

<p>To restore the balance of power and reestablish legitimate monarchies after Napoleon's defeat. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle, advocated by Metternich, guided the decisions of the Congress of Vienna?

<p>Legitimacy of monarchs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose behind the territorial rearrangements decided at the Congress of Vienna?

<p>To achieve a balance of power and prevent future European dominance by a single nation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Second Treaty of Paris regarding France's borders?

<p>France was restored to its boundaries of 1790. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key aspect of the Second Treaty of Paris relating to Allied forces?

<p>A fixed term occupation of certain French military positions by Allied troops, respecting French sovereignty. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the political philosophy that was favored by most conservative leaders in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars?

<p>Conservatism, emphasizing tradition, social stability, and obedience to authority. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did conservatives believe was crucial for maintaining order in society?

<p>The importance of religion and traditional values. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main aim of the Concert of Europe?

<p>To maintain a balance of power, limit revolutions, and preserve peace. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the principle of intervention?

<p>The right of great powers to send armies into countries to restore legitimate monarchs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Great Britain's view on intervention differ from other great powers?

<p>Great Britain argued that they should not interfere in the internal affairs of other states. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the peasant resentment toward their obligations to the nobles?

<p>The obligations drained their limited resources. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the economic conditions in the 1700s affect urban craftspeople and shopkeepers?

<p>They faced a decline in buying power due to rising prices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the nature of conservatism in the post-Napoleonic era?

<p>It emphasized tradition, social stability, and obedience to political and religious authority. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main concern of the powers at the Congress of Vienna regarding the balance of power?

<p>To prevent any single nation from dominating Europe. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable characteristic of the bourgeoisie during the French Revolution?

<p>They desired to improve their own social status without eliminating nobility. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant change in political governance brought about by Napoleon's rule in France?

<p>Creation of an authoritarian government (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event prompted King Louis XVI to call the Estates-General in 1789?

<p>The near collapse of the French economy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the impact of Napoleon's Civil Code on the French legal system?

<p>It centralized legal authority and established clear laws (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the second treaty of Paris impact France’s position among European powers?

<p>Imposed conditions of military occupation, financial penalty and loss of territory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What demand did the Third Estate make during the Estates-General that led to significant conflict?

<p>Each deputy be given one vote instead of each estate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action did the other great powers take when they wanted to put down revolutions in Spain and Italy?

<p>They used military force to install legitimate monarchs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Napoleon's relationship with the Catholic Church evolve during his rule?

<p>He recognized the church's role but maintained state control (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion can be made about the European reaction to the French Revolution in the text?

<p>Major European powers united to suppress revolutionary ideas and restore the pre-revolutionary order. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant action did the Third Estate take after being locked out of their meeting place?

<p>They swore the Tennis Court Oath. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the chief reasons for the collapse of Napoleon's Grand Empire?

<p>The effective resistance from Great Britain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome when the Bastille was stormed on July 14, 1789?

<p>The prison was dismantled and rebel control was established. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle did Napoleon attempt to spread within his empire during his rule?

<p>Legal equality and economic freedom (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the 'Great Fear' contribute to the revolutionary fervor across France?

<p>It resulted in widespread peasant violence and retaliation against nobles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did nationalism play in the decline of Napoleon’s Empire?

<p>It led to unique identities opposing foreign rule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group was primarily responsible for instigating the storming of the Bastille?

<p>The common people of Paris, including the sans-culottes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the major consequences of the de-Christianization efforts during the French Revolution?

<p>Closure and looting of churches (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What measure did Napoleon implement to suppress dissent during his rule?

<p>Shutting down newspapers and banning books (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Robespierre's vision of a virtuous republic contrast with the realities faced by many French citizens?

<p>It sought to eliminate corruption though many were executed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common misconception among the bourgeoisie regarding the monarchy?

<p>They believed the monarchy was benevolent towards them. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What notable military strategy was Napoleon known for during his conquests?

<p>Innovative maneuvers and rapid movements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the central components of Napoleon's Grand Empire?

<p>Dependent and allied states ruled by relatives or former foes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Enlightenment writer was frequently quoted by revolutionary leaders?

<p>Jean-Jacques Rousseau (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change did the Constitution of 1795 bring regarding voting eligibility?

<p>It limited electors to property owners only. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During his reign, how did Napoleon's policies affect the French nobility and clergy?

<p>They lost their special privileges entirely (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the typical relationship between the bourgeoisie and the nobles before the revolution?

<p>They shared similar views on the monarchy's privilege. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary role did the Committee of Public Safety play during the Reign of Terror?

<p>To execute anyone considered a threat to the revolution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a reason for the Directory's reliance on the military to maintain power?

<p>General discontent with civil government (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major characteristic of Napoleon's military campaigns between 1805 and 1807?

<p>They involved decisive victories over major European powers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What caused significant public outrage towards Queen Marie Antoinette?

<p>Her perceived extravagance amidst economic strife. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sentiment grew in various European nations partly as a result of Napoleon's rule?

<p>A sense of national identity and resistance to foreign dominance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant outcome of Napoleon Bonaparte's coup d'état in 1799?

<p>The end of the French Revolution's turmoil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did bad harvests in 1787 and 1788 play in the lead-up to the revolution?

<p>They exacerbated food shortages and rising unrest. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one notable aspect of the new French army compared to previous European armies?

<p>It was formed by a people’s government. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Napoleon's efforts in political reform impact the French Revolution's principles?

<p>They modified the revolution’s ideals to suit his agenda (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the National Convention respond to Robespierre's increasing power?

<p>They ultimately arrested and executed him. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the government's structure under the Constitution of 1795?

<p>A dual legislative system with reduced decision-making speed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the economic situation during the Directory's rule?

<p>Widespread poverty with escalating costs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key reason that the revolutionary calendar was implemented during the French Revolution?

<p>To reflect Enlightenment ideals of reason over tradition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose behind the National Convention's de-Christianization initiatives?

<p>To reduce the influence of superstition and promote reason. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the reaction of the French populace to Robespierre's policies of de-Christianization?

<p>Hostility toward the government's stance against religion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these was a primary driver for the Third Estate’s decision to declare themselves the National Assembly?

<p>Disagreements over voting procedures within the Estates-General (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major change implemented regarding the Catholic Church within France by the National Assembly?

<p>The Church was brought under control of the state, and its lands sold off (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary impact of the ‘Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen’?

<p>It outlined basic liberties and principles of equality before the law (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key distinction made by the Constitution of 1791 regarding citizenship?

<p>It differentiated between voting citizens based on property ownership and age, and non-voting passive citizens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these was NOT a major change to the Catholic Church in France during the French Revolution?

<p>The Church was given more power than the state (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the execution of King Louis XVI during the French Revolution?

<p>It led to the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a French Republic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily fueled the move towards radicalism in France after 1791?

<p>Economic shortages, price increases, and political turmoil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the major purpose of the ‘cahiers de doléance’?

<p>To document grievances for delegates at the Estates-General (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions was NOT part of the National Convention's policies?

<p>Increasing church power (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the 'Reign of Terror'?

<p>A phase of brutal repression, executions and ending rebellions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Tennis Court Oath?

<p>It was a commitment to continue meeting until a new constitution was formed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the ‘Great Fear’ in the French Revolution characterized by?

<p>Peasants destroying records of financial obligations due to rumours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of the Committee of Public Safety?

<p>To address foreign and domestic threats to revolutionary France (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major cause of the radicalization of the French Revolution after Louis XVI's execution?

<p>Europeans outrage and subsequent wars against France, and domestic unrest (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides food shortages and defeats in war with Austria what primarily spurred the Paris Commune to take control?

<p>A desire for direct democracy and greater autonomy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one strategic challenge that Napoleon faced in his attempts to conquer Great Britain?

<p>The geographic barrier of the English Channel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary objective of Napoleon’s Continental System?

<p>To economically weaken Great Britain through trade restrictions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did nationalism influence the outcome of Napoleon's conquests?

<p>Conquered peoples sought to resist and unify against French rule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant effect of the Russian campaign on Napoleon's Grand Army?

<p>It weakened the Grand Army considerably, leading to its downfall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major reason for Britain’s resilience against Napoleon’s strategies?

<p>Britain's advanced naval capabilities and island geography (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event marked the beginning of Napoleon's decline as a military leader?

<p>The Battle of Trafalgar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tactic did the Russians employ during Napoleon's invasion that contributed to his defeat?

<p>Conducting a scorched earth policy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Napoleon hope to achieve by implementing the Continental System?

<p>Drive Britain into economic despair (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ultimately led to Napoleon's first exile?

<p>The defeat of his forces in the Battle of Leipzig (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Napoleon’s occupation of various countries sow the seeds of nationalism?

<p>By encouraging unity among diverse groups against a common enemy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of Napoleon's final campaign at Waterloo?

<p>A crushing defeat that resulted in his ultimate downfall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one major effect of the Continental System on European trade?

<p>It led to the formation of black market channels circumventing Napoleon's plans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the circumstances surrounding Napoleon's return from exile?

<p>He returned to a country eager for his leadership and glory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these was a policy adopted during the Reign of Terror?

<p>Prosecution of counterrevolutionaries through revolutionary courts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary consequence of the decree issued by the Committee of Public Safety calling on all citizens to defend France?

<p>The formation of a large, citizen-based army that defeated enemy forces. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key feature of the government established by the Constitution of 1795?

<p>A two-house legislature and a five-man executive known as the Directory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant weakness of the Directory that contributed to its downfall?

<p>The Directory's lack of popular support and effective leadership coupled with significant corruption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the quote about 'leader-less multitude of persons' imply about the leadership of the French forces?

<p>The French army's leadership came from various social classes, without traditional military leaders. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Napoleon Bonaparte's role in the coup that ended the Directory?

<p>He secretly organized the coup and overthrew the government. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Concordat of 1801, and what did it accomplish?

<p>It recognized Catholicism as the religion of the majority of French people. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action by Napoleon contradicted the revolutionary ideal of freedom of expression?

<p>His implementation of government censorship. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of Napoleon's Continental System?

<p>To weaken Great Britain by blocking its trade with Continental Europe. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Napoleon's conquests outside of France contribute to a unified sense of nationalism in Europe?

<p>They created a common hatred for the French occupiers among other nations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is most accurately described as a key element of Napoleon’s success?

<p>His exceptional speaking skills and confidence combined with intelligence and decisiveness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event directly caused Napoleon’s first exile?

<p>His capture by British and Prussian forces in Paris. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary objective of the Congress of Vienna after the fall of Napoleon?

<p>To restore the old monarchies in Europe and establish a balance of power. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'principle of intervention,' adopted by most European great powers (except Britain) after Napoleon's fall, indicate?

<p>The right of powerful nations to use military force to suppress revolutions they did not like. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosophy, that held people should be as free as possible from government restraint, grew out of the Enlightenment?

<p>Liberalism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant domestic achievement attributed to Napoleon that aimed to unify and standardize the legal system of France?

<p>Napoleon's codifying of the laws which resulted in the creation of the Civil Code, or Napoleonic Code (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of Napoleon's Civil Code for women in French society?

<p>It reversed previous legal advancements and reduced the rights and lowered the status of women in French society. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable reform implemented by Napoleon that aimed to break the monopoly of the nobility on power and open up opportunities based on merit instead of social standing?

<p>He established a new aristocracy based on meritorious service to the nation, rewarding individuals for their contributions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Napoleon's primary motive in seeking peace with the Catholic Church?

<p>His desire to consolidate his power and gain support from a significant portion of the population who were Catholic. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the French Revolution did Napoleon preserve in his domestic policies?

<p>The principle of equality before the law and the concept of opening up government positions to people based on merit. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main factor that contributed to the French economy's deterioration before the revolution?

<p>The French monarchy's extravagant spending and involvement in costly foreign wars, accumulating massive debt. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main catalyst for Napoleon's rise to power?

<p>His strategic military genius and his successful campaigns that brought stability and control to a turbulent France. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of the coup d'état of 1799?

<p>To establish a new government that would bring order and stability to France after the turmoil of the revolution. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant effect of the French Revolution on Napoleon's rise to power?

<p>The revolution provided an opportunity for capable and ambitious individuals like Napoleon to rise through the ranks of the military and politics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the nature of Napoleon's relationship to the French Revolution?

<p>He was a product of the revolution, rising to power due to the opportunities it created and seeking to preserve some of its reforms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major reason for the failure of the Directory to maintain political stability in France?

<p>The internal conflicts and widespread corruption that characterized the Directory's leadership, leading to its downfall. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant social change brought about by Napoleon that reflected a shift in the power dynamics of French society?

<p>He established a new aristocracy based on merit and service to the nation, replacing the old aristocracy based on birth and privilege. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary consequence of the drought and harvest failures that plagued France before the revolution?

<p>A significant rise in inflation and food shortages, exacerbating the economic hardship faced by the lower classes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major grievance of the Third Estate in pre-revolutionary France that contributed to the growing unrest and the eventual outbreak of the revolution?

<p>The Third Estate lacked representation in the Estates-General, meaning they had no voice in the government and were burdened with excessive taxes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the primary motivation for the Third Estate's uprising against the monarchy?

<p>They desired a greater share of political power and influence, along with economic reforms to alleviate their burdens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements accurately reflects the primary catalyst for the escalation of the French Revolution into a more radical phase?

<p>The execution of Louis XVI triggered widespread fear and instability, leading to the rise of extremist factions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following most accurately describes the primary objective of the National Convention in response to domestic threats and foreign invasion?

<p>To curtail internal dissent and prosecute perceived enemies of the revolution, often resorting to brutal measures and executions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately reflects the primary contributing factor to the end of the Directory?

<p>The rise of a charismatic military leader, Napoleon Bonaparte, who staged a coup d'état and seized power. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately captures the main motivation behind the Directory's establishment?

<p>To restore order and stability to France after the turmoil of the Reign of Terror while preserving the core ideals of the Revolution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider the social and economic landscape of pre-revolutionary France. Which of these statements most accurately reflects the condition of the Third Estate?

<p>The Third Estate was a diverse group, with varying levels of wealth and influence, but overall, they were burdened by a heavy tax system and limited political rights. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the most significant outcome of the storming of the Bastille that marked a turning point in the French Revolution?

<p>It served as a symbol of the people's defiance against the monarchy and sparked widespread revolutionary fervor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the motivation behind the Reign of Terror?

<p>It was a period of political purges and extreme violence, driven by radical ideology and the desire to eliminate perceived enemies of the revolution. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following most accurately reflects the impact of the French Revolution on the European political landscape?

<p>The French Revolution inspired other revolutions and nationalist movements across Europe, challenging existing monarchies and societal structures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary objective of the Directory?

<p>To establish a stable and moderate republic, balancing the ideals of the revolution with the need for order and security. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the primary role of the Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror?

<p>To protect the newly established republic from internal and external threats, using a strong military presence and security measures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately identifies the main cause of the French monarchy's financial crisis?

<p>The excessive spending habits of the monarchy and the costly wars waged by France. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the difference in the outcomes of the American and French Revolutions?

<p>The Americans were able to peacefully achieve independence and establish a stable republic, while the French Revolution descended into violence and instability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key difference between Louis XVI's view on a French constitution and the perspective of the Third Estate?

<p>Louis XVI believed in maintaining absolute monarchy without a constitution, while the Third Estate desired a constitution to limit the king's power. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the impact of the Women's March on Versailles on Louis XVI's position?

<p>The march forced Louis XVI to accept the National Assembly's decrees and move to Paris, effectively making him a figurehead. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary motivation for the National Assembly's decision to seize and sell off Church lands?

<p>To generate revenue for the state, addressing the financial crisis and funding further revolutionary reforms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen reflect Enlightenment thought?

<p>It promoted the idea of natural rights, such as liberty, equality, and fraternity, reflecting Enlightenment principles of reason and human progress. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was it significant that the National Assembly adopted the Civil Constitution of the Clergy?

<p>The Civil Constitution of the Clergy aimed to reduce the influence of the Catholic Church in French society, bringing it under the control of the state. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of the French king attempting to escape in 1791?

<p>The failed escape attempt further eroded public trust in the monarchy, leading to increased support for the revolution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What led to the creation of the National Convention and the suspension of the monarchy?

<p>The National Convention was formed as a result of the uprisings in Paris, where radical factions arrested Louis XVI and demanded the end of the monarchy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary reason for the French Revolution becoming more radical?

<p>The growing influence of radical factions, demanding broader social and political reforms, including the abolition of the monarchy and the implementation of universal suffrage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key motivation for European powers to threaten force against France during the revolution?

<p>European powers saw the revolution as a threat to their own monarchies and sought to maintain the traditional balance of power in Europe. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary purpose of the Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror?

<p>To coordinate the war effort against foreign invaders and effectively manage the French military during a period of significant conflict. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the French Revolution's emphasis on de-Christianization manifest?

<p>The revolution sought to replace traditional Christian beliefs with a new system of secular morality, emphasizing reason, science, and human progress. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary reason for the conflict between the Girondins and the Mountain?

<p>A: The Girondins advocated for a more moderate approach to revolution, while the Mountain pursued a more radical path of social and political transformation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the key impact of the Reign of Terror on the French Revolution?

<p>The Reign of Terror, characterized by excessive violence and repression, ultimately backfired, leading to a backlash against the revolution and the rise of counter-revolutionary forces. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant change in government policy that occurred after the Reign of Terror?

<p>The new government adopted a more liberal approach to social and political reforms, granting greater individual freedoms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the Directory ultimately fall from power?

<p>The Directory's failure to effectively address the economic problems facing France, leading to widespread social unrest and political instability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

French Revolution

A major turning point in European history that ended the old regime and established new political ideals.

Three Estates

The social hierarchy in pre-revolutionary France consisting of clergy, nobility, and commoners.

First Estate

The clergy in France, making up about 130,000 people and owning roughly 10% of the land.

Second Estate

The nobility in France, numbering about 350,000 and owning 25-30% of the land.

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Third Estate

The largest social class in France, including peasants and middle class, making up 75-80% of the population.

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Economic Inequality

A major social issue in France before the revolution, caused by the privileges of the First and Second Estates.

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Enlightenment Ideas

Philosophical concepts that influenced the French Revolution, emphasizing individual rights and governance by consent.

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Taille

The chief tax in France that the First and Second Estates did not pay.

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Peasant Revolts

Peasants broke into lords' houses to destroy obligation records.

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Louis XVI's Views

Louis XVI opposed the idea of a French constitution unlike the Third Estate members.

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National Assembly's Actions

National Assembly abolished legal privileges of nobles and clergy on August 4, 1789.

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Declaration of the Rights of Man

A document asserting rights of liberty, property, and equality before the law.

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Olympe de Gouges

Wrote 'The Declaration of the Rights of Woman', advocating for women's rights.

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Bourgeoisie

The middle class in France, including merchants, bankers, and professionals.

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Women’s March on Versailles

Women and men marched to Versailles to demand bread and confront the king.

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Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Revolutionary law that brought the Church under state control.

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Serfdom

A system where peasants were bound to the land and owed duties to nobles.

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Constitution of 1791

Created a limited monarchy and established a Legislative Assembly.

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Louis XVI

The king of France during the French Revolution who faced widespread discontent.

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Legislative Assembly

Body made up of representatives under the Constitution of 1791.

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Estates-General

The French parliament that had not met since 1614, called by Louis XVI.

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King's Flight Attempt

Royal family attempted to flee France but were captured in June 1791.

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National Assembly

The representative body formed by the Third Estate to draft a constitution.

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Declaring War on Austria

Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria in spring 1792 due to fear of foreign intervention.

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Tennis Court Oath

A pledge by the National Assembly to not disband until a new constitution was created.

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Paris Commune

A radical group that arrested the king and suspended monarchy.

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Storming of the Bastille

The attack on the Bastille prison on July 14, 1789, marking the revolution's start.

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Universal Male Suffrage

All adult males given the right to vote after the king's arrest.

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Fears of Revolution Spreading

European leaders feared that the French Revolution would inspire revolts in their own countries.

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Great Fear

A period of panic and riots among peasants across France following the revolution's start.

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Radical Phase of Revolution

Period when French Revolution became more extreme and violent.

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Economic crisis (1780s)

A downturn in the economy worsening living conditions before the revolution.

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Marie Antoinette

Queen of France known for her lavish lifestyle, causing public resentment.

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Peasant obligations

Duties that peasants owed to their lords, such as fees and labor.

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Social inequality

The disparity between the privileged classes and the common people in France.

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Sans-Culottes

Members of the Paris Commune who identified as ordinary patriots.

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National Convention

The ruling body of France that drafted a new constitution in 1792.

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Girondins

Political group representing areas outside Paris, wary of radical mobs.

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The Mountain

Represented radical interests in Paris, many belonged to the Jacobin club.

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Louis XVI Execution

The king was executed on January 21, 1793, marking a turning point.

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Committee of Public Safety

Special committee given broad powers to deal with crises during the revolution.

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Reign of Terror

A period of harsh repression where 40,000 people were executed for counter-revolutionary actions.

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Guillotine

Execution device used during the Reign of Terror for its quick and humane method.

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Republic of Virtue

Robespierre’s vision of a society of good citizens based on virtue.

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Society for Revolutionary Republican Women

Group formed by women advocating for the republic during the revolution.

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Counterrevolutionaries

Individuals or groups opposing the revolution and its changes.

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Radical Change

Major transformation in society sought by working-class leaders.

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Maximilien Robespierre

Dominant leader of the Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror.

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Execution Statistics

About 16,000 people, including notable figures, were guillotined during the Reign of Terror.

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Political Clubs

Organizations formed by citizens with varying political views during the revolution.

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De-Christianization

The process initiated by the National Convention to reduce Christianity's influence in France.

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Temple of Reason

The designation given to Notre Dame after it was repurposed during de-Christianization.

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New Calendar

A calendar adopted during the revolution that eliminated Sundays and started from 1792.

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Directory

The executive body that governed France from 1795 to 1799; known for corruption.

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Elector

A person with the right to vote, typically limited to property owners during the Directory.

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Coup d'état

A sudden and illegal seizure of power, exemplified by Napoleon's actions in 1799.

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Napoleon Bonaparte

The general who ended the Directory and took control of France post-revolution.

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Catholic Church's Role

Significantly reduced during the revolution, as churches were closed and priests encouraged to marry.

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Military's Role

The French military grew as a people’s army, defending against foreign invasions during the revolution.

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Foreign Troops

Invaders who threatened the revolution and prompted France to raise a large army.

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Moderate Leaders

After the fall of Robespierre, these individuals guided France towards less radical governance.

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Similarities of Revolutions

Both American and French Revolutions aimed to overthrow monarchies inspired by Enlightenment ideals.

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Different Outcomes

The American Revolution resulted in a stable republic; France faced chaos after overthrowing the monarchy.

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Robespierre

A key leader during the Reign of Terror in France, known for his radical policies.

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Economic Conditions

The wealth was concentrated with the monarchy and nobility, causing social unrest.

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First Estate Privileges

The clergy were exempt from most taxes and owned significant land.

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Second Estate Powers

The nobility held high government and military positions, having their own privileges.

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Third Estate's Burden

About 97% of the population, facing heavy taxation and few rights.

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Economic Root Causes

Deeper roots of revolution were linked to economic control and class struggles.

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Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

The motto of the French Revolution representing core revolutionary ideals.

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Influence on Latin America

The revolutions in America and France inspired later movements in Latin America.

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Monarchy in Great Britain

Unlike France, the monarchy in Great Britain remained intact after its revolution.

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Napoleon's Rise to Power

Napoleon rose to power after the chaos of the French Revolution, becoming a general in 1794 and leading a coup in 1799.

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First Consul

Napoleon named himself First Consul in 1799, effectively ruling France.

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Napoleonic Code

Major legal reform by Napoleon emphasizing equality before the law, protection of property, and religious toleration.

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Centralized Government

Napoleon established a centralized government ensuring effective administration and merit-based positions.

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Concordat of 1801

An agreement between Napoleon and the Catholic Church allowing worship freedom while maintaining state control.

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Limitations on Liberty

Napoleon's regime involved secret police, censorship, and marginalization of women’s rights, contradicting revolutionary ideals.

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Napoleon's Empire Structure

Divided into directly controlled territories, puppet kingdoms, and allied nations, forming a vast empire.

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Continental System

Economic warfare strategy by Napoleon to weaken Britain by banning British ships from European ports.

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Nationalism in Napoleon's Conquests

Napoleon's invasions ignited nationalist sentiments across Europe, notably in Spain through guerrilla warfare.

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Russian Campaign of 1812

Napoleon's failed invasion of Russia, leading to heavy losses due to scorched earth tactics and winter.

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Abdication

Napoleon abdicated in 1814, was exiled to Elba, returned briefly in 1815, then defeated at Waterloo.

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Napoleon's Legacy

Spread of revolutionary ideals, modernization of government, and reshaping of European borders, influencing modern society.

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Causes of the French Revolution

Dissension among the Estates, Enlightenment ideas, and financial crisis led to the French Revolution.

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Economic Conditions and Revolution

Bread shortages, unemployment, and heavy monarchy spending increased opposition to the government.

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Nationalism

The belief that each nationality should have its own government, based on cultural identity.

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Liberalism

A political philosophy advocating for freedom from government restraint and protection of civil liberties.

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Conservatism

A political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, emphasizing authority and organized religion.

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Cultural Identity

The unique characteristics of a people based on shared language, religion, and culture.

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Role of Language in Nationalism

Language helps unify a community and contributes to a nation's identity.

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Extravagant Monarchy

A monarchy that lived in luxury while accruing massive debt from foreign wars.

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Tax Imposition

New taxes were introduced to pay debts and maintain luxury lifestyles.

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Drought and Harvest Failures

Lack of rainfall led to crop failures, causing inflation and food shortages.

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Coup d'État of 1799

The event where Napoleon overthrew the Directory and established a new government.

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Civil Code Reforms

Changes made by Napoleon that upheld equality but restricted women's rights.

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Centralized Bureaucracy

Napoleon developed an efficient administrative system with merit-based promotions.

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Battle of Trafalgar

1805 naval battle where Britain defeated the French-Spanish fleet, weakening Napoleon’s naval power.

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New Aristocracy

Napoleon created a noble class based on service to the state, largely from the middle class.

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Preserving Revolutionary Achievements

Napoleon retained key reforms from the Revolution, such as legal equality.

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Religious Agreement with the Pope

In 1801, Napoleon recognized Catholicism's majority role while protecting seized Church lands.

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Invasion of Russia

Napoleon's disastrous 1812 military campaign against Russia, leading to significant losses.

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Absolute Power

Napoleon had total control over government decisions as First Consul and Emperor.

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Grand Army

Napoleon’s massive forces of over 600,000 soldiers during the invasion of Russia.

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Scorched Earth Strategy

Russian tactic of burning their own villages to deny resources to Napoleon's army.

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Economic Impact of Wars

Foreign wars led to national debt and economic distress for the lower classes.

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Consumer Spending Decline

Economic situation worsened as food shortages led to less spending on goods.

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Borodino

An indecisive battle in 1812 where heavy casualties did not lead to a clear victory for Napoleon.

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Paris Captured

In March 1814, Allied forces captured Paris, leading to Napoleon's first exile.

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Elba Exile

The first island where Napoleon was exiled after his initial defeat in 1814.

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Hundred Days

The period of Napoleon's return to power before his final defeat at Waterloo in 1815.

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Battle of Waterloo

The final battle in June 1815 where Napoleon was defeated by the British and Prussian forces.

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Nationalist Resistance

The unified opposition of conquered peoples against Napoleon’s forces due to rising nationalist sentiments.

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Economic Consequences for Allies

Allied states resented Napoleon's Continental System, causing them to trade with Britain.

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Retreat from Moscow

Napoleon's challenging withdrawal from Russia during winter, resulting in heavy losses.

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Napoleon's Civil Code

A legal framework established by Napoleon to unify French law and promote legal equality.

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Authoritarian Government

A government that enforces strict obedience to authority at the expense of personal freedoms.

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De Staël's Struggle

Prominent writer who protested against Napoleon's censorship and government control.

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Censorship

The suppression of speech, public communication, or other information.

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The Grand Army

Napoleon's military force that achieved significant victories across Europe.

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Battle of Austerlitz

A decisive battle in 1805 where Napoleon’s forces defeated the combined armies of Russia and Austria.

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Spread of Liberalism

The promotion of political philosophies emphasizing freedom and civil rights, influenced by French Revolution principles.

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Dependent States

Kingdoms ruled by Napoleon's relatives as part of his empire.

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War with Britain

Ongoing conflict that started again in 1803 after Napoleon’s brief peace treaties.

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Napoleon's Empire Collapse

The rapid downfall of Napoleon's control due to resistance from Britain and emerging nationalism.

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Peace Treaty of 1802

An agreement that temporarily halted hostilities between France and other European powers.

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Religious Toleration

Policy introduced by Napoleon to allow freedom of religion within his empire.

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Meritocracy

A system where advancement is based on individual ability or achievement, emphasized by Napoleon.

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Popular Sovereignty

The principle that the government derives its authority from the people, promoted during the Revolution.

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Congress of Vienna

A meeting of European powers to restore order after Napoleon's defeat.

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Prince Klemens von Metternich

Austrian foreign minister and key figure at the Congress of Vienna.

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Principle of Legitimacy

The idea of restoring rightful rulers to power.

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Balance of Power

A strategy to prevent any one country from dominating Europe.

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Second Treaty of Paris

A treaty that reset France's borders to those of 1790.

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Concert of Europe

A series of meetings among great powers to discuss mutual interests.

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Principle of Intervention

The belief that great powers could intervene to restore legitimate governments.

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Restoration of the Bourbons

The reinstatement of the Bourbon monarchy in France in 1814.

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Military Occupation

Presence of foreign troops in a country to maintain order.

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Reaction to French Revolution

European rulers reacted conservatively to the changes it initiated.

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Great Powers

The main nations involved in shaping post-Napoleonic Europe.

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Heavy Fine on France

France was required to pay reparations after the Second Treaty of Paris.

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Military Positions along French Borders

Certain areas in France were to be held by Allied troops for stability.

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Restoration and Stability

Aim of the Congress of Vienna to regain control over Europe.

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The Great Fear

A period of panic among peasants fearing foreign troops.

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Active vs Passive Citizens

Distinction between those who could vote and those who couldn't.

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Cahiers de Doléance

Lists of grievances drawn up by each estate before the Estates-General.

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Moves to Radicalism

Shift towards extreme policies after the initial revolution phases.

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Fall of Napoleon

Napoleon's decline began with his failed Russian campaign, leading to his exile and restoration of the monarchy in France.

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Abolition of Slavery

A key revolutionary policy that ended slavery in French colonies during the revolution.

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Long-Range Causes

Underlying social and economic issues that led to the French Revolution.

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Immediate Effects

The direct consequences following the outbreak of the French Revolution.

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Enlightenment Influence

Ideas promoting individual rights and nation loyalty that inspired the revolution.

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Three Estates Society

France's social structure divided into clergy, nobility, and commoners.

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Taille Tax Exemption

The chief tax in France that the First and Second Estates did not pay.

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The Third Estate's Struggles

The commoners faced heavy taxes and had few rights despite being the majority.

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Ideals of the Revolution

Core beliefs such as liberty, equality, and fraternity driving revolutionary change.

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Financial Crisis

Economic troubles worsening due to excessive monarchy spending and poor harvests.

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Urban Craftspeople's Struggles

Shopkeepers and workers faced wage declines and increased prices during the 1700s.

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Rousseau's Quotes

Ideas from Rousseau were often cited by revolutionary leaders as justifications for revolt.

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Louis XVI's Meeting Call

Louis XVI called the Estates-General to address the financial crisis, showing desperation.

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Agrarian Distress

Peasants faced hardships from drought and grain shortages, fueling unrest.

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National Assembly's Formation

The Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly to demand equal representation in governance.

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Georges Danton

A leading figure in the early stages of the revolution and leader of the Paris Commune, advocating for radical change.

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Foreign Crisis

The threat posed by foreign coalitions against France after the execution of Louis XVI, leading to military tensions.

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Women's March on Versailles

In October 1789, a march to demand bread led to the king accepting new decrees.

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Economic Motivation for Reforms

The revolutionaries seized Church lands to increase state revenue.

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Legal Privileges Abolished

The National Assembly eliminated the nobles' and clergy's legal privileges.

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Rights for Women Debate

The Declaration of the Rights of Man raised questions about women's rights.

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Napoleon's Censorship

Napoleon restricted freedom of speech by closing newspapers and banning books.

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Anne-Louise-Germaine de Staël

A prominent writer who protested against Napoleon's regime.

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Civil Code

Napoleon's legal reform addressing outdated legal practices.

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Grand Empire

The vast empire Napoleon built, including France and its dependent states.

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Military Leadership

Napoleon was renowned for his innovative military tactics and strategies.

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Totalitarian Governance

A government that centralizes control and limits personal freedoms under Napoleon.

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Napoleon's Abdication

Napoleon stepped down from power in 1814 after military defeats.

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Economic Warfare

Napoleon's strategy to weaken Britain through the Continental System.

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Napoleon's Coup

The 1799 overthrow of the French government led by Napoleon.

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Nationalism in Conquests

Napoleon's invasions inspired nationalist movements and resistance in conquered countries.

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Russian Campaign

Napoleon's disastrous 1812 invasion of Russia leading to massive troop losses.

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Challenges of Empire

Difficulties faced by Napoleon in governing diverse territories and managing rebellion.

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Use of Secret Police

Establishment by Napoleon to maintain order and suppress dissent.

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Religious Reforms

Changes made by Napoleon to balance state control and church freedoms.

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Abolition of Clergy Hierarchy

The change where bishops and priests were elected rather than appointed, reducing church power.

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Radicalization of the Revolution

The shift toward extreme measures and policies after 1791, influenced by economic crises and political fear.

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Limited Monarchy

A government system where the monarch’s powers are restricted by a constitution or legislative body.

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The Moves to Radicalism

Actions taken that led to increased political extremism, including social discontent and unrest.

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Influence of Enlightenment Ideas

Philosophical beliefs that prompted demands for liberty, equality, and fraternity during the revolution.

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The Directory

The governing body in France from 1795 to 1799 marked by corruption and inefficiency.

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Napoleon's Coup d'État

The event in 1799 when Napoleon overthrew the Directory and established himself as leader.

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Class Struggle

The conflict between the different social classes in France, especially between the estates.

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Economic Causes

Factors such as heavy taxes and wealth concentration that contributed to the French Revolution.

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Montesquieu's Influence

Montesquieu's ideas about separation of powers influenced revolutionary thinking in government formation.

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Girondins vs The Mountain

Two factions in the National Convention with differing views on the revolution's direction, one moderate and one radical.

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Crisis of 1780s

The economic downturn and food shortages in France that deepened social unrest and dissatisfaction.

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Council of Elders

Upper house in the new governmental structure, approving laws crafted by the lower house.

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Council of 500

Lower house in the new constitution responsible for drafting laws.

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Political Factions

Divisions within the National Convention representing different revolutionary approaches.

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Scorched Earth Tactics

Strategy of burning resources to deny the enemy supplies.

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Napoleon's Invasion of Russia

Failed 1812 campaign leading to massive losses.

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Guerrilla Warfare

A form of irregular warfare using small groups.

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Exile to Elba

Napoleon's first banishment after his abdication in 1814.

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Russian Campaign Consequences

Massive loss of troops, weakening Napoleon's position.

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Nationalism's Role in Conquests

Conquered peoples united against Napoleon.

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Impact of the Continental System

Failed to weaken Britain, led to resentment among allies.

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Civil Code (Napoleonic Code)

Laws established by Napoleon preserving equality but restricting women's rights.

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Relationship with the Catholic Church

Napoleon recognized Catholicism in France, creating peace with the Church to secure support.

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Napoleon's Popularity

Gained from military successes and reforms that upheld some revolutionary ideals.

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Legacy of Napoleon

Spread of revolutionary ideas and legal reforms that modernized France and inspired Europe.

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Impact of Drought on France

Drought caused harvest failures, inflation, and increased suffering among the lower class.

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Taxation under the Monarchy

Monarchy imposed numerous taxes to maintain lavish lifestyle and pay off debts.

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Napoleon's Military Strategy

Emphasized speed, surprise, and decisive action in victories against enemy forces.

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Women in the Civil Code

The Civil Code positioned women as needing protection, reducing their rights post-revolution.

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Napoleon's Early Military Successes

Gained fame by defeating enemies in Italy, enhancing his reputation before rising to power.

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Economical Causes of Revolution

Financial crisis and government spending led to unrest and contributed to the revolution's start.

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Rise of Conservatism

Political reactions aiming to maintain traditional authority.

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Restoration of the Bourbon King

The re-establishment of the monarchy in France.

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Divided Territories

Napoleon's empire was composed of controlled areas and puppet states.

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The Fall of Napoleon

Caused by military failures, notably the Russian campaign.

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Study Notes

Causes of the French Revolution

  • French society, traditionally divided into three estates (clergy, nobility, and commoners), exhibited extreme social and economic inequality.
  • The First Estate, roughly 130,000 people, owned about 10% of the land. High clergy were from noble families, while lower clergy were often poor commoners.
  • The Second Estate, approximately 350,000, owned 25-30% of the land and held key positions in government, military, and the Church. Crucially, they were exempt from the taille, France's primary land tax.
  • The Third Estate, comprising 97% of the population, faced significant diversity: peasants (75-80% of the Third Estate, owning 35-40% of the land, but often without land); urban craftspeople, shopkeepers, and workers; and the bourgeoisie (merchants, bankers, professionals).
  • The Third Estate resented the privileges of the First and Second Estates and the heavy taxes they bore. These taxes included taille, gabelle, and vingtième.
  • France faced economic crises including bad harvests (1787 and 1788), rising prices, and unemployment.
  • Extravagant spending by the monarchy, particularly Queen Marie Antoinette, fueled public resentment. The monarchy's financial support of the American Revolution worsened the crisis.
  • Enlightenment ideas, promoting individual rights and representative institutions, inspired calls for change.
  • Cahiers de Doléance were lists of grievances drawn up by the three estates, agreeing on the need for constitutional reform but not to eliminate social distinctions. The First and Second Estates expressed some support for equality of taxation and the abolition of censorship.
  • The cahiers revealed wide-ranging complaints.
  • Peasants struggled under feudal dues, like fees for mills and presses.
  • Urban populations faced escalating prices and job losses exceeding wage increases.
  • Members of the bourgeoisie aimed for improved social standing without abolishing the nobility.

The Revolution Begins

  • King Louis XVI convened the Estates-General in 1789.
  • The Third Estate, demanding greater representation, declared itself the National Assembly.
  • The Tennis Court Oath pledged to establish a new constitution.
  • The storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789), a fortress-prison, marked the revolt's start by symbolizing the end of the king's authority.
  • Widespread peasant uprisings, known as the Great Fear, followed, destroying feudal records.

End of the Old Regime

  • The National Assembly abolished the privileges of clergy and nobility.
  • The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, inspired by American and Enlightenment ideals, guaranteed basic liberties and equality before the law.
  • Olympe de Gouges advocated for women's equal rights, which was not initially incorporated.
  • The Women's March on Versailles forced the royal family to Paris, marking the end of their status in the old order.
  • The Catholic Church's lands were seized and sold to alleviate the government's financial crisis.

The National Convention

  • The Paris Commune pressured the Legislative Assembly to call for a National Convention, featuring radical groups (sans-culottes, Jacobins).
  • France became a republic in 1792, resulting in the beheading of Louis XVI.
  • This execution made new enemies for the revolution and escalated internal conflict.
  • The rise of political clubs, such as the Girondins (representing areas outside of Paris) and the Mountain (radical Paris supporters, many from the Jacobin club) contributed to growing polarization.

Reign of Terror

  • The Committee of Public Safety, dominated by Robespierre, took control of the French government.
  • The Reign of Terror saw the execution of approximately 40,000 people, including Marie Antoinette.
  • The Committee aimed to implement a "Republic of Virtue" through price controls, state-mandated primary education, and the abolition of slavery.
  • Policies such as de-Christianization faced resistance. Attempts to transform French society were met with resistance.

The Directory

  • Moderate middle-class leaders assumed power after Robespierre's death, ending the Reign of Terror.
  • The Constitution of 1795 established the Directory, a five-man executive body.
  • The Directory was marked by corruption and criticized for its ineffective rule and continuing economic struggle.
  • The Directory fell due to military intervention by Napoleon Bonaparte, marking the end of revolutionary instability.

Comparing American and French Revolutions

  • Both revolutions were inspired by Enlightenment ideas challenging existing power structures.
  • The American Revolution led to independence and a republic, while the French Revolution ended the monarchy but experienced social and political turmoil, culminating in a more authoritarian government.
  • Both revolutions influenced later movements, including those for Latin American liberation.

Wrap-Up / Guiding Questions Answers (Summaries)

These sections, unlike the others, are not presented in summary bullet points. These answers are detailed in individual paragraphs as responses to the specific guiding questions posed in the text.

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