French Revolution and Old Regime
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What tax was levied by the church comprising one-tenth of the agricultural produce?

Tithe

What tax was to be paid directly to the state?

Taille

The burden of financing activities of the state through taxes was borne by the third estate __________.

alone

In the Old Regime in France, what increased demand led to a rise in the price of bread?

<p>production of grains could not keep pace with the demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

A subsistence crisis occurs when the basic means of livelihood are __________.

<p>endangered</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event led to the end of monarchy in France?

<p>French Revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Declaration of the Rights of Man announce during the French Revolution?

<p>Coming of a new time</p> Signup and view all the answers

The French Revolution raised the question of economic equality and well-being of workers and peasants.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

In French society before 1789, the first and second estates enjoyed exemptions from paying taxes, while only members of the ______ estate paid taxes.

<p>third</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the estates with their descriptions:

<p>1st estate = Clergy 2nd estate = Nobility 3rd estate = Big businessmen, merchants, court officials, lawyers, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What publication did Jean-Paul Marat comment in, regarding the Constitution drafted by the National Assembly?

<p>L’Ami du peuple (The friend of the people)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symbol in Box 1 stands for liberty, equality, and fraternity?

<p>Broken chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Source B, no man may be accused, arrested, or detained except in cases determined by ____________.

<p>the law</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Law Tablet symbolizes that the law is the same for all and all are not equal before it. (True/False)

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who composed the Marseillaise, which became the national anthem of France?

<p>Roget de L’Isle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following symbols with their meanings:

<p>Eye within a triangle radiating light = Knowledge Sceptre = Symbol of royal power Snake biting its tail to form a ring = Symbol of eternity Red Phrygian cap = Cap worn by a slave upon becoming free</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who led the representatives of the third estate declaring themselves as a National Assembly?

<p>Mirabeau and Abbé Sieyès</p> Signup and view all the answers

What democratic principle was put forward by philosophers like Rousseau in his book The Social Contract?

<p>One member, one vote</p> Signup and view all the answers

The clergy were forced to give up their privileges during the French Revolution.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The National Assembly completed the draft of the constitution in ________.

<p>1791</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their meanings:

<p>Chateau = Castle or stately residence belonging to a king or a nobleman Manor = An estate consisting of the lord’s lands and his mansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event took place on the morning of August 10, 1792, where Parisians stormed the Palace of the Tuileries?

<p>The storming of the Palace of the Tuileries</p> Signup and view all the answers

What revolutionary government body abolished the monarchy in France on September 21, 1792?

<p>The Convention</p> Signup and view all the answers

What device, named after Dr Guillotin, was used for beheading during the Reign of Terror?

<p>guillotine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match these views of liberty:

  1. Liberty is like a child, needing discipline to mature
  2. Liberty is Happiness, Reason, Equality, Justice

<p>1 = Desmoulins' view 2 = Robespierre's view</p> Signup and view all the answers

What period is referred to as the Reign of Terror, known for severe control and punishment policies?

<p>1793 to 1794</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were some of the tasks that working women had to do in addition to caring for their families?

<p>Cook, fetch water, queue up for bread, and look after the children</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main demands of the Society of Revolutionary and Republican Women?

<p>Right to vote for women</p> Signup and view all the answers

Olympe de Gouges was executed for writing a Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

In 1794, the Convention legislated to free all _______ in the French colonies.

<p>slaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the revolutionary social reforms of the Jacobin regime mentioned in the content?

<p>The abolition of slavery</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the circumstances leading to the outbreak of revolutionary protest in France.

<p>The circumstances leading to the outbreak of revolutionary protest in France included economic hardships, political inequality, social injustice, and discontent among the lower classes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which groups of French society benefited from the revolution? Which groups were forced to relinquish power? Which sections of society would have been disappointed with the outcome of the revolution?

<p>Groups that benefited included the middle class, peasants, and urban workers. The nobility and clergy were forced to relinquish power. Sections that might have been disappointed could include royalists, conservatives, and those who preferred the old regime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the legacy of the French Revolution for the peoples of the world during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

<p>The legacy of the French Revolution includes the spread of democratic ideals, principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity, and the inspiration for nationalist movements and revolutions worldwide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Draw up a list of democratic rights we enjoy today whose origins could be traced to the French Revolution.

<p>Democratic rights that trace their origins to the French Revolution include freedom of speech, press, and assembly, right to equality before the law, right to property, and the concept of universal human rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Would you agree with the view that the message of universal rights was beset with contradictions? Explain.

<p>Yes, the message of universal rights during the French Revolution was beset with contradictions as it often conflicted with the realities of slavery, colonialism, and gender inequality that persisted in that era.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would you explain the rise of Napoleon?

<p>Napoleon rose to power as a military general during the French Revolution, capitalizing on the chaos and political instability of the time. His military victories, strategic acumen, and ability to appeal to the public helped him gain popular support and eventually become Emperor of France.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The French Revolution and the Making of the Modern World

  • The French Revolution, the Russian Revolution, and the rise of Nazism were significant events that shaped the modern world.
  • The French Revolution marked the end of monarchy in France and the beginning of a new system of governance.

The French Revolution

  • The revolution began on July 14, 1789, with the storming of the Bastille, a symbol of the despotic power of the king.
  • The event was sparked by the king's decision to command troops to move into the city of Paris, leading to rumors of an order to open fire on citizens.
  • A people's militia was formed, and government buildings were searched for arms, leading to the release of seven prisoners from the Bastille.

French Society During the Late Eighteenth Century

  • In 1774, Louis XVI ascended the throne of France, finding an empty treasury due to years of war and the cost of maintaining an extravagant court.
  • The French government helped the American colonies gain independence from Britain, adding to the debt.
  • The state was forced to increase taxes, which burdened the third estate, comprising commoners, including peasants, artisans, and merchants.

The System of Estates

  • French society was divided into three estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners.
  • The first two estates enjoyed privileges, including exemption from taxes, while the third estate bore the burden of financing state activities.
  • The nobility extracted feudal dues and services from peasants, while the Church extracted tithes.

The Struggle to Survive

  • The population of France grew from 23 million to 28 million between 1715 and 1789, leading to a rise in demand for foodgrains.
  • Grain production could not keep pace with demand, leading to a rise in bread prices and a subsistence crisis.
  • The gap between the poor and the rich widened, and workers' wages did not keep pace with the rise in prices.

A Growing Middle Class Envisages an End to Privileges

  • The eighteenth century saw the emergence of a middle class, including merchants, manufacturers, lawyers, and administrative officials.
  • This group believed that social position should be based on merit, not birth, and advocated for a society based on freedom and equal laws.
  • Philosophers like John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau, and Montesquieu influenced the development of these ideas, which were spread through books, newspapers, and discussions in salons and coffee-houses.

The Role of Philosophers

  • Locke's Two Treatises of Government refuted the doctrine of the divine and absolute right of the monarch.
  • Rousseau proposed a social contract between people and their representatives.
  • Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws advocated for a division of power within the government.### The French Revolution
  • The French Revolution was sparked by the financial crisis and social inequality in France in the late 18th century.
  • The monarch, Louis XVI, was forced to call a meeting of the Estates General to pass proposals for new taxes, which had not been done since 1614.
  • The Estates General was a political body that represented the three estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners.
  • The third estate, which represented the commoners, was the most populous but had the least amount of power and influence.

The National Assembly

  • The representatives of the third estate, led by Mirabeau and Abbé Sieyès, declared themselves a National Assembly and swore to draft a constitution that would limit the powers of the monarch.
  • The National Assembly was determined to create a democratic government that would represent the people, rather than the monarch.
  • The Assembly was influenced by the ideas of philosophers like Rousseau, who argued for the principles of democracy and the social contract.

The French Revolution Timeline

  • 1774: Louis XVI becomes king of France and faces an empty treasury and growing discontent within society.
  • 1789: The Convocation of Estates General, the Third Estate forms the National Assembly, and the Bastille is stormed.
  • 1791: A constitution is framed to limit the powers of the king and to guarantee basic rights to all human beings.
  • 1792-1793: France becomes a republic, and the king is beheaded.
  • 1792-1793: The Jacobin republic rules France, and a Directory rules France after the overthrow of the Jacobin republic.
  • 1804: Napoleon becomes emperor of France and annexes large parts of Europe.
  • 1815: Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo.

The Great Fear

  • A severe winter in 1789 led to a bad harvest, and the price of bread rose, leading to widespread anger and discontent among the population.
  • The king ordered troops to move into Paris, which sparked rumors of an aristocratic plot to destroy the ripe crops.
  • Peasants in several districts seized hoes and pitchforks and attacked chateaux, looting hoarded grain and burning documents containing records of manorial dues.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

  • The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was a document that established the principles of liberty, equality, and democracy.
  • The document declared that men are born and remain free and equal in rights, and that the aim of every political association is the preservation of the natural and inalienable rights of man.
  • The document also established the principles of the social contract, stating that the source of all sovereignty resides in the nation, and that no group or individual may exercise authority that does not come from the people.

The Constitution of 1791

  • The Constitution of 1791 limited the powers of the monarch and established a system of government that separated powers into legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

  • The Constitution vested the power to make laws in the National Assembly, which was indirectly elected by citizens.

  • However, not all citizens had the right to vote, as only men above 25 years of age who paid taxes equal to at least 3 days of a laborer's wage were given the status of active citizens and entitled to vote.### Symbols of the French Revolution

  • The Red Phrygian cap symbolizes liberty and is worn by a freed slave.

  • The winged woman represents the personification of the law.

  • The Law Tablet signifies that the law is the same for all, and all are equal before it.

The French Revolution and the Constitution of 1791

  • The Constitution of 1791 gave political rights only to the richer sections of society.
  • The document did not provide equal rights to all citizens.
  • Small shopkeepers, artisans, and daily-wage workers were among the groups that would have gained from the Constitution of 1791.

France Abolishes Monarchy and Becomes a Republic

  • The National Assembly declared war against Prussia and Austria in April 1792.
  • The war was seen as a fight against kings and aristocracies all over Europe.
  • The Marseillaise, a patriotic song, was composed by Roget de L’Isle and became the national anthem of France.
  • The Constitution of 1791 gave political rights only to the richer sections of society.
  • Political clubs, like the Jacobins, became important rallying points for people to discuss government policies and plan action.

The Jacobins and the Sans-Culottes

  • The Jacobins were a group of people who mainly belonged to the less prosperous sections of society.
  • They included small shopkeepers, artisans, and daily-wage workers.
  • The leader of the Jacobins was Maximilian Robespierre.
  • The Sans-Culottes, a group within the Jacobins, wore long striped trousers to distinguish themselves from the fashionable sections of society.

The Reign of Terror

  • The period from 1793 to 1794 is referred to as the Reign of Terror.
  • Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment.
  • The revolutionary tribunal tried and executed those seen as enemies of the republic.
  • The guillotine was used to behead those found guilty.

The Abolition of the Monarchy

  • The monarchy was abolished on September 21, 1792.
  • France was declared a republic, where the people elect the government, including the head of the government.
  • Louis XVI was sentenced to death and executed publicly on January 21, 1793.

The Role of Women in the Revolution

  • Women were active participants in the events of the French Revolution.
  • They hoped that their involvement would pressurize the revolutionary government to introduce measures to improve their lives.
  • Women from the third estate worked as seamstresses, laundresses, or sold flowers, fruits, and vegetables at the market.
  • Women did not have access to education or job training, except for daughters of nobles or wealthier members of the third estate.

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