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Questions and Answers
What was the effect of the Declaration of Independence on the American Revolutionary War?
What was the effect of the Declaration of Independence on the American Revolutionary War?
Which of the following best describes the social structure of the Old Regime in France?
Which of the following best describes the social structure of the Old Regime in France?
What major problem did France face in the 1780s that contributed to unrest?
What major problem did France face in the 1780s that contributed to unrest?
What document served as the foundation for the U.S. government after the American Revolution?
What document served as the foundation for the U.S. government after the American Revolution?
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Which group made up the majority of the Third Estate in France?
Which group made up the majority of the Third Estate in France?
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Which institution had significant power in France, influencing the monarchy's ability to enact reforms?
Which institution had significant power in France, influencing the monarchy's ability to enact reforms?
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What was one of the immediate consequences of the American Revolution on Europe?
What was one of the immediate consequences of the American Revolution on Europe?
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What year saw the approval of the Constitution in the United States?
What year saw the approval of the Constitution in the United States?
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What significant event occurred on June 17, 1789?
What significant event occurred on June 17, 1789?
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Which document was adopted on August 26, 1789?
Which document was adopted on August 26, 1789?
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What was the primary demand during the Women's March to Versailles?
What was the primary demand during the Women's March to Versailles?
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What was the outcome of the Tennis Court Oath?
What was the outcome of the Tennis Court Oath?
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Which group represented the interests of Paris during the National Convention?
Which group represented the interests of Paris during the National Convention?
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What action did the Legislative Assembly take on April 20, 1792?
What action did the Legislative Assembly take on April 20, 1792?
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Who is associated with the phrase 'Terror without virtue is fatal; Virtue without terror is impotent'?
Who is associated with the phrase 'Terror without virtue is fatal; Virtue without terror is impotent'?
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Which document did Olympe de Gouges write in response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man?
Which document did Olympe de Gouges write in response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man?
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What was the purpose of the Cahiers de doléances?
What was the purpose of the Cahiers de doléances?
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What consequence followed the execution of King Louis XVI on January 21, 1793?
What consequence followed the execution of King Louis XVI on January 21, 1793?
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Which term describes the military draft introduced during the radical phase of the revolution?
Which term describes the military draft introduced during the radical phase of the revolution?
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What was a significant consequence of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy enacted in July 1790?
What was a significant consequence of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy enacted in July 1790?
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Which concept refers to the paranoia and radicalism that emerged after the declaration of war on Austria?
Which concept refers to the paranoia and radicalism that emerged after the declaration of war on Austria?
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Which faction wanted the execution of Louis XVI during the National Convention?
Which faction wanted the execution of Louis XVI during the National Convention?
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In what year did Napoleon crown himself emperor of France?
In what year did Napoleon crown himself emperor of France?
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What was the primary purpose of the Concordat of 1801?
What was the primary purpose of the Concordat of 1801?
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What was a significant change brought about by the Code Napoléon?
What was a significant change brought about by the Code Napoléon?
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How did Napoleon's policies affect the French bureaucracy?
How did Napoleon's policies affect the French bureaucracy?
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Which coalition did Napoleon defeat in the years 1805-1807?
Which coalition did Napoleon defeat in the years 1805-1807?
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What was a major consequence of Napoleon's failed Continental System?
What was a major consequence of Napoleon's failed Continental System?
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What inspired the revolutions in Latin America during Napoleon's reign?
What inspired the revolutions in Latin America during Napoleon's reign?
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What key feature characterized Napoleon’s Grand Empire?
What key feature characterized Napoleon’s Grand Empire?
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What event marked the beginning of Napoleon's downfall?
What event marked the beginning of Napoleon's downfall?
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What was one result of the Battle of Trafalgar for Napoleon?
What was one result of the Battle of Trafalgar for Napoleon?
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How did Napoleon's rule influence nationalism in Europe?
How did Napoleon's rule influence nationalism in Europe?
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Which of the following was NOT a reason for Napoleon's exile to Elba?
Which of the following was NOT a reason for Napoleon's exile to Elba?
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What major decision did Napoleon make concerning his marital status in 1810?
What major decision did Napoleon make concerning his marital status in 1810?
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After his escape from Elba, what did Napoleon do next?
After his escape from Elba, what did Napoleon do next?
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What was the primary purpose of the Committee of Public Safety during the Radical Revolution?
What was the primary purpose of the Committee of Public Safety during the Radical Revolution?
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What does the term 'levée-en-masse' refer to in the context of the French Revolution?
What does the term 'levée-en-masse' refer to in the context of the French Revolution?
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What was a consequence of the Reign of Terror?
What was a consequence of the Reign of Terror?
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Which statement accurately reflects the status of the army during the French Revolution?
Which statement accurately reflects the status of the army during the French Revolution?
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What was the critical stance that Maximilien Robespierre held regarding opposition to the revolution?
What was the critical stance that Maximilien Robespierre held regarding opposition to the revolution?
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Which group was particularly affected by the laws enacted during the Reign of Terror?
Which group was particularly affected by the laws enacted during the Reign of Terror?
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What did the 'Republic of Virtue' aim to achieve?
What did the 'Republic of Virtue' aim to achieve?
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What was one of the key changes after the Thermidorian Reaction?
What was one of the key changes after the Thermidorian Reaction?
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What characterized the Directory established in 1795?
What characterized the Directory established in 1795?
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How did Napoleon consolidate power in the aftermath of the Revolution?
How did Napoleon consolidate power in the aftermath of the Revolution?
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Which of the following best describes the impact of Napoleon's military successes?
Which of the following best describes the impact of Napoleon's military successes?
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What was the impact of the Haitian Revolution led by Toussaint L'Ouverture?
What was the impact of the Haitian Revolution led by Toussaint L'Ouverture?
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What phenomenon occurred as a reaction to the Revolutionary government's conservative shift?
What phenomenon occurred as a reaction to the Revolutionary government's conservative shift?
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Which statement reflects the economic conditions during the Directory?
Which statement reflects the economic conditions during the Directory?
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Study Notes
The French Revolution and Napoleon
- The American Revolution influenced the French Revolution, demonstrating that freedom and rights were achievable beyond utopian ideals.
- The French Revolution was preceded by an old regime with a rigid social structure.
- The First Estate (clergy) owned 10% of the land, divided between wealthy higher clergy and poor parish priests.
- The Second Estate (nobility) owned 25-30% of the land, comprised of Nobility of the Sword and Nobility of the Robe.
- The Third Estate (commoners) consisted of peasants (75-80% of the population, owning 35-40% of the land), skilled artisans, shopkeepers, wage earners, and the bourgeoisie (middle class, 8% of the population, owning 20-25% of the land but lacking power).
- Various problems contributed to the French Revolution: bad harvests, widespread poverty, Enlightenment ideas criticizing privileges and institutions, a financial crisis due to debt and costly expenditures, and a limited ability to make reforms.
- The Estates-General, composed of 300 delegates each from the First and Second Estates, and 600 delegates from the Third Estate, convened.
- The Third Estate, after declaring themselves the National Assembly, took the Tennis Court Oath to create a new constitution.
- The storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789) marked a turning point, triggering peasant rebellions and the Great Fear.
- The National Assembly abolished feudal rights on August 4, 1789, and adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (August 26, 1789).
- Olympe de Gouges' Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen challenged this exclusion.
- The Women's March to Versailles (October 5, 1789) demanded bread and the king's return to Paris.
- The revolution faced opposition internally and externally.
- The Civil Constitution of the Clergy faced opposition due to clergy's election and state salary.
- The flight of the king (June 1791) shattered public trust.
- The Declaration of Pillnitz by Prussia and Austria spurred an international reaction.
- The French Revolution escalated into war with other European powers, fueled by a combination of reactionary, royalist, and revolutionary motivations.
- The radical phase of the revolution led to the execution of Louis XVI (January 21, 1793) and a Reign of Terror under the Committee of Public Safety.
- France saw massive mobilization of its population, creating a nation-in-arms.
- Maximilien Robespierre, a key figure in the Committee of Public Safety, championed a "Republic of Virtue" that ultimately led to his own execution.
- The Thermidorian Reaction marked a conservative counter-revolution.
- The Directory, a five-member executive body, was established in 1795.
- This period struggled with economic hardship, food shortages and continued war
- Napoleon rose to power and crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I in 1804, marking a shift back toward monarchy.
The Age of Napoleon
- Napoleon established a new system, the Consulate, and later the Empire. Domestically, he stabilized France by signing the Concordat of 1801 with the Catholic Church and implementing the Code Napoléon (Civil Code) which maintained revolutionary gains while curtailing specific freedoms, especially for women.
- His empire expanded across Europe through military victories and alliance politics, spreading French revolutionary and nationalist ideals.
- Napoleon faced challenges, including Britain's naval dominance, economic issues, and growing nationalist resistance.
- The Continental System's attempt to isolate Britain harmed European economies.
- Napoleon's invasion of Russia (1812) resulted in devastating losses that significantly weakened his forces.
- Napoleon's Empire collapsed due to multiple European coalitions and popular uprising, leading to his defeat at Waterloo in 1815 and exile.
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Description
Explore the influences and events leading up to the French Revolution, including the impact of the American Revolution and the rigid social structure of the old regime. Learn about the three estates and the various issues that ultimately sparked this pivotal period in history.