French Philosophes and Enlightenment Ideas

They promoted skepticism, stimulated intellectual exchange, and challenged tradition.

The three principles are Progress, Deism, and Tolerance, focusing on human development, reason-based existence of God, and acceptance of diverse views.

They encouraged a skeptical outlook towards presumed superiority of race and culture, which allowed for diverse perspectives.

<p>Deism posits that God's existence is based on reason and observation of the natural world, rejecting supernatural phenomena.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The levels include knowledge of the natural world, rejection of ignorance and superstitions, and social/political reforms to end violence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They criticized the reliance on revelation and miracles for God's existence, advocating for reason instead.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their ideas inspired the American and French Revolutions, promoting democratic and reformative changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They championed tolerance, highlighting the importance of accepting diverse beliefs and opposing intolerance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main theory proposed by Montesquieu is the Separation of Powers in government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In a Republic, sovereign power is held by the people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Montesquieu limited suffrage to the educated elite because he believed not all people are qualified to take responsibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three branches of government are Legislative, Executive, and Judicial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Legislative branch, or Parliament, is responsible for enacting laws.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Montesquieu describes that the power of any branch must not exceed the power of the others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Montesquieu asserts that the Church has no role in politics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reason is considered fundamental as it serves as the basis for human behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Voltaire suggests that belief in God comes from reason rather than blind faith.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Voltaire defines faith as NOT believing in something that is visible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Voltaire advocated for enlightened despotism because he believed enlightened individuals were best suited to govern.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Voltaire viewed religion as a social phenomenon that organizes society and answers specific social needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Voltaire did not believe in democracy, seeing the rule of the majority as problematic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rousseau perceives God as a God of love rather than a God of reason, sensing His presence in nature and within himself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Social Contract serves as an intellectual device for establishing an agreed form of government among citizens to regulate their relationships and create an optimal political community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rousseau suggests that the Church and clergy are not necessary or guaranteed sources of happiness, as everything is inherently good when left in the hands of the Creator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rousseau argues that while everything is good as it comes from the creator, it degenerates when it gets into the hands of man.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rousseau believes that the Social Contract is the only process to establish an optimum political community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rousseau believes that civilization introduces inequality and vice, causing mankind to lose its inherent goodness found in the state of nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This act marked the beginning of evil, establishing ownership and creating a master-slave relationship among people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rousseau identifies life, equality, and freedom as the natural rights that cannot be taken away by gods, kings, or other men.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Civil society forces man to prioritize reason over emotions and duty over instincts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rousseau questions how man can regain the equality and freedom lost due to the inequalities created by civil society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the state of nature, Rousseau views man as inherently good, while society corrupts this goodness through inequality and conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rousseau uses this quote to illustrate how the claim of ownership initiated the creation of civil society and its subsequent problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rousseau argues that the creation of social structures, like ownership, imposes restrictions that limit man’s innate freedom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rousseau suggests that while humans are inherently free, societal structures and constraints limit this freedom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Social Contract allows individuals to exchange personal freedoms for civil liberty, ensuring their rights are protected by collective laws.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural liberty refers to unlimited freedom, while civil liberty is the freedom governed by laws created by the collective will of the community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Politics, through the Social Contract, aims to reconcile individual freedoms with the need to coexist within a society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rousseau's Social Contract challenges the idea of divine right or coercive authority by promoting the legitimacy of political power derived from the will of the people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The General Will represents the collective interest of the people while the individual will is preserved; individuals voluntarily surrender their particular will to the General Will without losing their freedom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rousseau argues that laws must be established by the collective will of the people to hold legitimacy; otherwise, they lack authority and fail to represent the public interest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rousseau suggests that when an individual challenges laws they helped establish, they should be restored to obedience to the General Will, often by force, to regain awareness of their true interests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rousseau acknowledges that the conditions necessary for true democracy are very difficult to achieve, yet he insists that the Social Contract is essential to preserve individual freedoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rousseau introduced the idea of the consent of the governed, emphasizing the importance of individuals having the right to choose their government and participate in the political process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rousseau emphasized the absolute sovereignty of the people, asserting that legitimate political authority stems from the collective agreement of citizens rather than the state's imposition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rousseau warns that when private interests exert pressure on public affairs, the General Will begins to weaken, which can lead to the downfall of the state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rousseau's philosophy laid the groundwork for human rights by advocating for individual freedoms and the inherent equality of all men, challenging authoritarian governance.</p> Signup and view all the answers