Questions and Answers
When was the Congress of Vienna held?
When did Haiti gain independence?
What was established in 1946?
When was the Loi cadre passed?
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Who established the Congo Free State in 1885?
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When was the Berlin Conference held?
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When was the Code de l'indigénat established?
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When was the Treaty of Westphalia signed?
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Study Notes
European Imperialism and Colonization
- 1648: Treaty of Westphalia established the concept of sovereignty and non-interference in the domestic affairs of other nations.
- 1884-1885: Berlin Conference divided Africa into spheres of influence among European powers.
- 1885: Léopold II established the Congo Free State, brutally seizing the African landmass as his personal possession.
French Colonization
- 1830-1910: Fiscal transfer from France to its colonies was almost non-existent.
- 1950s: France increased investments in its colonies, particularly in military infrastructure.
- 1946: Establishment of the Union Française, a political entity that aimed to maintain French influence over its colonies.
- 1946-1947: Insurgencies broke out in Madagascar, challenging French rule.
- 1956: Loi cadre introduced reforms in the French colonies, but ultimately failed to address the growing nationalist movements.
- 1958: Establishment of the Communauté Française, a revision of the Union Française that attempted to maintain French control over its colonies.
- 1960: Implosion of the French community led to the independence of former French colonies.
Haitian Independence and Occupation
- 1498: Spanish conquistadors arrived in Hispaniola.
- 1635: French settlers established themselves in Guadeloupe.
- 1794: France abolished slavery.
- 1802: Napoleon restored slavery.
- 1848: France abolished slavery again.
- 1804: Haiti gained independence from France.
- 1860s: Haiti established diplomatic relations with the US.
- 1825: Haiti signed a debt contract with France, which would later contribute to its economic difficulties.
- 1915-1935: US occupied Haiti.
Liberia and Pan-Africanism
- 1787: Establishment of Freetown, Sierra Leone, by the US as a refuge for freed slaves.
- 1811: Paul Cuffe, a African American, established a settlement in Sierra Leone.
- 1817: Establishment of the American Colonization Society (ACS), which aimed to transport freed slaves to Liberia.
- 1860s: Diplomatic relations established between the US and Liberia.
- 1914: Marcus Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), a Pan-African movement.
- 1920s: Liberia became a de facto territory of the US, with the US exerting significant control over its government and economy.
- 1939: The Greater Liberia Act aimed to annex surrounding territories to Liberia.
International Conferences and Declarations
- 1815: Congress of Vienna redrew the map of Europe and established the Concert of Europe.
- 1926: League of Nations abolished slavery and the slave trade.
- 1948: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights included the abolition of slavery and the slave trade.
- 1946: Nuremberg Trials established the concept of crimes against humanity.
- 1990s: Various declarations and conferences on reparations for historical injustices, including the transatlantic slave trade.
- 1994-2003: The Decade Against Racism aimed to address racial discrimination and xenophobia globally.
Other African Countries
- 1883: German colonization of Namibia.
- 1896-1904: Revolts and massacres against German rule in Namibia.
- 1904-1911: German extermination and concentration camps in Namibia.
- 1918-1990: South Africa was under apartheid rule.
- 1961: Casablanca Group of African states sought to promote African unity and independence.
- 1963: Monrovia Group opposed the Casablanca Group's approach to African unity.
- 1960: Brazzaville Group of African states maintained close ties with France.
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Description
This quiz covers key events and dates related to French colonization and decolonization, including the Berlin Conference, Congo Free State, and the establishment of the Union Française. Test your knowledge of French colonial history!
