French Colonization and Decolonization

Early European Colonization

1498: Spanish conquistadors arrived in Hispaniola, marking the beginning of European colonization in the Americas. This led to the displacement and marginalization of indigenous populations, who were often subjected to forced labor, diseases, and violence.
1635: French arrived in Guadeloupe, establishing a presence in the Caribbean and setting the stage for future colonial endeavors. The French colonized many islands in the Caribbean, including Haiti, which would become a major hub for sugar production and trade.
1648: Treaty of Westphalia was signed, marking the end of the Thirty Years' War and the beginning of a new era of European politics. This treaty also recognized the sovereignty of European states and the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of other nations.
1787: Establishment of Freetown by the US, a settlement for freed slaves in West Africa. This marked the beginning of a long history of US involvement in African colonization and the African American diaspora.
1811: Paul Cuffe's involvement in the African colonization movement, which aimed to establish a colony for freed slaves in Africa. Cuffe was an African American merchant and abolitionist who believed that freed slaves should be given the opportunity to start a new life in Africa.
1815: Congress of Vienna, a major diplomatic gathering that redrew the map of Europe and re-established the balance of power on the continent. The Congress also recognized the sovereignty of European states and the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of other nations.
1817: Establishment of the American Colonization Society (ACS), a private organization that aimed to establish colonies for freed slaves in Africa. The ACS was founded by a group of prominent American abolitionists and politicians, including Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe.

French Colonization and Slavery

1794: Abolition of slavery in France, marking the beginning of a slow decline in the institution of slavery in the French Empire. However, the abolition of slavery did not immediately lead to the emancipation of slaves in French colonies, as many remained bound to plantations and other forms of forced labor.
1802: Restoration of slavery by Napoleon, who reversed the abolition of slavery and re-established the institution in French colonies. This move was motivated by the need for labor on plantations and the desire to maintain French control over colonial economies.
1804: Independence of Haiti, marking the first successful slave rebellion in modern history. The Haitian Revolution, led by Toussaint L'Ouverture and Jean-Jacques Dessalines, was a major challenge to the institution of slavery and the French Empire.
1825: Haiti was forced to sign a debt contract with France, which further entrenched French control over the island and placed a significant burden on the Haitian economy. This debt contract also contributed to the continued subservience of Haiti to France and the limited autonomy of its government.
1830-1910: Fiscal transfer from France to colonies was almost nonexistent, leading to a lack of investment and development in French colonies. This lack of investment and development contributed to poverty, inequality, and social unrest in French colonies, further entrenching British and American colonial dominance.
1848: Abolition of slavery in France (again), marking the final abolition of slavery in the French Empire. However, the abolition of slavery did not immediately lead to the emancipation of slaves in French colonies, as many remained bound to plantations and other forms of forced labor.
1860s: Reconnaissance of Haiti, which led to increased French involvement in Haitian politics and economies. Haiti was still under French control, and the French government continued to exert significant influence over the island.
1883: Establishment of the Congo Free State by Léopold II, marking the beginning of the Congo Free State and the Belgian colonization of the Congo. The Congo Free State was a private colony established by Léopold II, the King of the Belgians, who sought to establish a personal fortune through the exploitation of the Congo's natural resources.