Frédéric Sorrieu & French Revolution
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Questions and Answers

Which symbol was actively promoted as part of the new Britain after the Act of Union?

  • The British flag (Union Jack) (correct)
  • The Irish harp
  • The Scottish thistle
  • The Welsh dragon

What was one consequence of the Act of Union in 1707?

  • It allowed Scotland to impose its own laws independently.
  • It led to the independence of Ireland from England.
  • It provided Scotland with equal representation in the British Parliament.
  • It resulted in the unification of England and Scotland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain. (correct)

What role did female figures play in the representation of nations during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?

  • They symbolized ideas such as Liberty and Justice. (correct)
  • They represented economic power and trade routes.
  • They were portrayed as mythological creatures.
  • They were depicted as warriors leading battles.

What characterized the Balkans region in the last quarter of the nineteenth century?

<p>It was a region of intense conflict and rivalry among European powers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of nationalism and imperialism by 1914?

<p>It contributed to the outbreak of the First World War. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Frédéric Sorrieu's first print depict?

<p>People paying tribute to the Statue of Liberty (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concepts were introduced during the French Revolution in relation to nationalism?

<p>La patrie and le citoyen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which flag was chosen as a symbol of France during the rise of nationalism?

<p>The tricolour (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class was dominant politically and socially in early nineteenth-century Europe?

<p>Aristocracy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant outcome of nationalism in Europe during the nineteenth century?

<p>Emergence of the nation-state (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Napoleon impact democracy in France?

<p>He destroyed democracy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which elements were depicted as lying in the foreground of Sorrieu’s print?

<p>Shattered remains of absolutist institutions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the key drivers of nationalism in countries like Germany, Italy, and Switzerland during the nineteenth century?

<p>The division into kingdoms, duchies, and cantons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key characteristic of liberal nationalism?

<p>Advocacy for a parliamentary system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the chief minister responsible for the unification of Germany?

<p>Otto von Bismarck (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event marked the beginning of the revolutions in 1848?

<p>The overthrow of the Bourbon Kings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of the Zollverein?

<p>Unification of the German currency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the 1830s in Europe, what economic issue primarily affected the population?

<p>Severe food shortages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did culture play in nationalist movements?

<p>It helped express and shape nationalist feelings. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a demand of the liberal middle class in 1848?

<p>Rights for women (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Frankfurt Assembly?

<p>Failure to achieve a unified national assembly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which social group emerged as a result of industrialization?

<p>Working-class population (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one major criticism of the new conservative order by liberal nationalists?

<p>Suppression of the right to vote (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which societal change did conservatives in 1815 support?

<p>Strengthening autocratic governments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What led to the unification of Italy in the 19th century?

<p>Leadership of Chief Minister Cavour (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic was prominent in the Romantic movement during the rise of nationalism?

<p>Development of nationalist sentiment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the term 'liberalism' originally derive from?

<p>The Latin word meaning free (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nationalism's impact

Nationalism significantly changed European political and mental landscapes, leading to the formation of nation-states.

Sorrieu's vision

Sorrieu's prints depicted a world of democratic and social republics, emphasizing fraternity among nations.

French Revolution & Nation

The French Revolution shifted sovereignty from the monarchy to citizens, introducing concepts like 'patrie' and 'citizen'.

Napoleonic Code

The Napoleonic Code established equality before the law and property rights, abolishing privileges based on birth.

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Pre-19th c. Europe (divided)

Germany, Italy, and Switzerland were fragmented into independent states (kingdoms, duchies, cantons).

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European Aristocracy

The aristocracy (nobility) held significant social and political power in Europe before the 1800's

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Industrial Revolution (start)

Industrialization began in England during the second half of the 18th century.

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Nation-state

A centralized political entity with defined boundaries and a shared national identity.

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United Kingdom Formation

The Act of Union in 1707 brought England and Scotland together, creating the "United Kingdom of Great Britain." This resulted in England exerting significant influence over Scotland. In 1801, Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom.

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Nationalism as a Personification

In the 18th and 19th centuries, artists often portrayed nations as female figures. These figures symbolized abstract ideas like Liberty, Justice, and the Republic. Common symbols included the red cap for Liberty, the broken chain for Liberty, and a blindfolded woman with scales for Justice.

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The Rise of Nationalism

Nationalism emerged as a significant force in Europe during the 19th century. It involved people identifying strongly with their nation, its history, and culture. This led to the formation of nation-states with unified territories and shared identities.

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Balkan Powder Keg

The Balkans, a region in southeastern Europe, became a hotbed of tension in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Ottoman Empire's control over the Balkans, combined with rising nationalism among various ethnic groups within the region, led to conflicts that destabilized the area.

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Imperialism and World War I

The late 19th century saw intense rivalry among European powers for colonies, trade dominance, and military strength. This competition, fueled by nationalism and imperialism, contributed to a series of wars, culminating in World War I in 1914.

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What is liberalism?

A political ideology emphasizing individual rights, freedom, and limited government. It promotes equality, representative government, and the rule of law.

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Who could vote in early liberal societies?

Only men who owned property could vote and hold political office. Women and the working class were excluded.

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Zollverein

A customs union formed in 1834 by Prussia and other German states. It abolished tariffs and unified currencies, fostering economic integration.

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What did conservatives believe in?

Conservatives supported traditional values such as monarchy, the Church, social hierarchy, property, and the family.

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What strengthened European monarchies?

Modern armies, efficient bureaucracies, dynamic economies, and the abolition of feudalism and serfdom helped strengthen monarchies.

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Vienna Congress (1815)

A meeting of European powers to redraw the map of Europe after Napoleon's defeat. It aimed to restore the balance of power and create a stable order.

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Liberal Nationalist Complaint

Liberal nationalists criticized the conservative order, especially the restrictions on freedom of the press.

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What did revolutionaries fight for?

Revolutionaries opposed monarchies and fought for liberty, freedom, and often republican ideals.

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Giuseppe Mazzini & Young Italy

Mazzini founded Young Italy in 1831, a secret society dedicated to unifying Italy under a republican government.

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What sparked the July Revolution (1830)?

Liberal revolutionaries overthrew the Bourbon kings in France, establishing a constitutional monarchy under Louis Philippe.

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Role of Culture in Nationalism

Art, poetry, stories, and music helped express and shape nationalist feelings. Romanticism, a cultural movement, contributed to this sentiment.

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Language and Nationalism

Language played a key role in developing national identity. Imposing a dominant language could unite people or create resistance.

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What caused revolts in the 1830s?

Economic hardship, food shortages, population growth, and unemployment led to widespread poverty and revolts across Europe.

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What did the 1848 revolution demand?

The educated middle class sought the creation of nation-states based on parliamentary principles, including a constitution, freedom of the press, and freedom of association.

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Frankfurt Parliament (1848)

An elected assembly representing German states, aiming to unify Germany under a constitutional monarchy. It failed when Prussian King Wilhelm IV rejected the offer of the crown.

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Study Notes

Frédéric Sorrieu's Vision of a United Europe

  • Sorrieu, a French artist, created prints in 1848 showcasing a unified world of democratic republics.
  • The prints depicted European and American figures paying homage to a Statue of Liberty, symbolizing Enlightenment and liberal ideals.
  • Shattered symbols of absolutism represented the demise of old order.
  • Nations were depicted by distinct flags and costumes. The procession was led by figures from the US, Switzerland, France, and parts of Germany, Austria, Italy, Poland, England, Ireland, Hungary, and Russia.
  • Religious figures (Christ, saints, and angels) symbolized fraternity among nations.

The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation

  • Nationalism emerged with the French Revolution (1789).
  • Sovereignty shifted from the monarchy to citizens. Concepts like "la patrie" (fatherland) and "le citoyen" (citizen) were introduced.
  • The tricolor flag replaced the former French flag.
  • Napoleon curtailed democracy in France.
  • The Napoleonic Code (1804) established equality before the law and protected property rights, abolishing birth-based privileges.

The Making of Nationalism in Europe

  • Europe was divided into kingdoms, duchies, and cantons with autonomous rulers.
  • Aristocracy held social and political power.
  • Peasantry comprised the majority.
  • Industrialization in England (late 18th century) created new social classes: working class and middle class (industrialists, businessmen, professionals).

Liberal Nationalism

  • Liberalism emphasis on freedom, derived from Latin "liber" (free).
  • Limited suffrage rights: property-owning men were eligible to vote and run.
  • Zollverein (1834), a customs union in Prussia, unified German states by abolishing tariffs, reducing currencies.

A New Conservatism after 1815

  • Post-1815, European governments favored conservatism, supporting monarchy, the Church, social hierarchy, and property rights.
  • Strengthening powers of autocratic monarchs: modern army, efficient bureaucracy, dynamic economy, elimination of feudalism and serfdom.
  • The Congress of Vienna (1815) redrew Europe's borders, restored Bourbon dynasty in France and limited French influence.

Revolutionaries

  • Secret societies were formed in many European states, opposing monarchies and advocating for liberty and freedom.
  • Giuseppe Mazzini (1807-1872) founded "Young Italy" and later "Young Europe" to promote national unity across political state lines.

The Age of Revolutions (1830-1848)

  • July Revolution (1830) in France overthrew the Bourbon monarchy and established a constitutional monarchy.
  • Belgian independence from the Netherlands stemmed from 1830 uprisings.
  • Greek struggle for independence (1821).

Romantic Nationalism

  • Culture (art, poetry, stories, music) fostered nationalist sentiment.
  • Romanticism sought to develop, shape national sentiments.
  • Language played a key role in nationalism.
  • Economic hardship in 1830s Europe.
  • Population increase, poor harvests led to widespread poverty.
  • 1848 Paris uprisings fueled by food shortages and unemployment.

The Revolution of 1848 and Liberalism

  • 1848 revolutions led by the middle class.
  • Demands for national state based on parliamentary principles: constitution, free press, free association.
  • Frankfurt Parliament (May 1848) aimed to unify Germany under a monarchy with parliamentary oversight.
  • Parliament failed to unite Germany as many monarchs opposed the assembly.

The Making of Germany and Italy

  • Germany and Italy unified as nation-states after 1848.
  • Prussia led the German unification movement.
  • Otto von Bismarck and the Prussian army/bureaucracy facilitated unification.
  • 1871: Prussian King proclaimed German Emperor.
  • Modernization of German systems (currency, banking, law).
  • Italy: Divided into seven states. Sardinia-Piedmont was among them, ruled by an Italian princely house.
  • Cavour led the unification movement, defeating Austria and securing local support.
  • 1861: Victor Emmanuel II proclaimed king of united Italy.

The Strange Case of Britain

  • Britain acted as a model nation—becoming powerful and wealthy.
  • Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland formed the "United Kingdom of Great Britain."
  • Ireland was incorporated into the UK in 1801.
  • British symbols (flag, anthem, language) were promoted.

Visualising the Nation

  • Artists of the 18th and 19th centuries represented nations with personified female figures.

Nationalism and Imperialism

  • Intense rivalry amongst European powers due to trade, colonies, naval/military might.
  • Balkan region (modern-day countries like Romania, Bulgaria etc) became a conflict zone due to the Ottoman Empire's instability and influence.
  • Nationalistic conflicts culminated in World War I (1914).

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Explore Frédéric Sorrieu's artistic vision, depicting a united Europe through democratic ideals. Discover how the French Revolution influenced nationalism and shifted sovereignty to citizens, marking a significant change in identity and governance.

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