Frame Rate, Codecs and Compression

• Frame rate is the speed at which images are shown sequentially, typically expressed in "frames per second" or FPS. A 24fps video displays 24 distinct still images per second.
• Higher frame rates result in fluid motion but require more storage space.

Video Compression Types

• Codecs are used to eliminate redundant data, reducing file sizes for storage.
• MJPEG (older, MPEG4), H.264, and H.265 are three noted compression types.
• Surveillance cameras use a video compression codec.

CODEC

• CODEC involves compression and decompression.
• MPEG4 compression is outdated.
• MJPEG compression assesses each video frame.

ITU Standard or Recommendation

• H.264 is used for advanced video coding for generic audiovisual services. -H.264.1 is a conformance specification for ITU-T H.264 advanced video coding -H.264.2 provides reference software. -H.Imp264 is an implementors' guide.
• H.265 offers high efficiency video coding. -H.265.1 is a conformance specification for ITU-T H.265 high efficiency video coding. -H.265.2 provides reference software.
• Intra-frame compression breaks images into "macroblocks" (16x16 pixels).
• Inter-frame compression eliminates duplicate content across frames.

High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) or H.265

• It is an improvement over H.264
• It divides images into "macroblocks" (64x64 pixels).
• H.265 reduces file size by 50-60% compared to H.264.

Bitrate

• VBR (Variable Bitrate) adjusts bitrate dynamically based on scene complexity.
• CBR (Constant Bitrate) keeps a fixed bitrate, potentially wasting bandwidth or reducing quality.

Storage Capacity for HDD

• There is a formula to determine the storage capacity for HDD
• Important factors include compression, image quality, frame rate, number of cameras, active recording times, and scene complexity.

CCTV

• Closed-circuit television (CCTV) systems are composed of cameras to monitor a specific area.
• CCTV provides visual event records, deters crime, improves safety, provides evidence, and enhances awareness.

CCTV components

• Camera: Transmits live video.
• Video Recorder: Processes video for storage and viewing (DVR or NVR).
• CCTV Monitor: Displays images/footage.
• Data Storage: Stores CCTV data.
• CCTV Power Supply: Powers cameras and components.
• CCTV Cable: Transmits signals.

Types of CCTV

• Analog CCTV systems capture video with analog cameras, transmitting it to a DVR.
• IP CCTV systems use IP cameras for network-based transmission and remote management
• Analog cameras capture in SD resolution and are less expensive
• IP cameras are digital cameras that can send and receive data over a network

Standards and Codes

• CODE is what is need to be done when producing something that is Enforceable by Law or by contract to be followed by the manufacturer.
• STANDARD includes guideline and recommendation on how to do something. Based on best practices and expertise of a group of people who doesn't represent a governmental body.
• NFPA 72 covers fire alarm systems and components.

Key Terms

• "Approved" means acceptable to the authority.
• "Labeled" means equipment has a label indicating compliance.
• "Listed" means equipment is in a published list by an acceptable organization.
• "Shall" indicates a mandatory requirement.
• "Should" indicates a recommendation.

Documentation

• Minimum required documentation for new systems and alterations includes: -A written narrative and system description -Riser diagram -Floor plan layouts. -Equipment technical data sheets -Manufacturer's instructions -Battery capacity and safety margin calculations -Voltage drop calculations -Mounting height elevation for wall mounted devices -Minimum sound pressure levels
• Board of Electronics Engineering resolution no. 12 series 2014
• Approved and adopted by PRC on 29 December 2014
• Approved and adopted by DPWH
• Under section 7 (I) of R.A 9292
• Chapter 1 scope and fundamentals
• Chapter 2 - design requirements
• Chapter 3 - installation requirements
• Chapter 4 - maintenance, testing and inspection

FDAS

• FDAS shall be for the protection of life and property.
• FDAS should consist of FACP, automatic detectors, manual fire alarm stations and notification appliances.
• Equipment must comply with chapter 2.
• FDAS installation must comply with chapter 3.
• Annual testing and inspection by the AHJ (BFP) is required as specified in chapter 4.
• The primary power supply must have a dedicated branch circuit.
• The secondary power supply must operate for 24 hours with 30 minutes for alarm/emergency communication.
• Fire alarms, notification appliances, emergency communication devices are required throughout the building, according to chapter 2.
• Alarm zones must have a max floor area of 800 sqm.
• Manual fire alarm stations must be RED.

Alarm Signals

• Audible notification signals must have a sound level of at least 15 dB above average ambient level, or 5 dB above maximum for 30+ seconds, or 75 dBA. These should be 1.4 meters above the floor.
• Emergency communications systems are required.

Life Safety Standards

• UL 217, Single- and Multiple- Station Smoke Alarms
• UL 268, Smoke Detectors for Fire Protective Signaling Systems
• UL 268A, Smoke Detectors for Duct Application
• UL 1626, Residential Sprinklers for Fire Protection Service
• UL 1971, Signaling Devices for the Hearing Impaired
• EN 54 Fire detection and fire alarm systems encompass European product standards and application guidelines.

LPC

• The Loss Prevention Certification Board (LPCB) allows manufacturers to demonstrate due diligence through third-party certification.
• The Bureau of Philippine Standards (DTI-BPS) promotes standardization in the Philippines.
• Alarm conditions indicate an immediate threat; trouble indicates a system fault; supervisory indicates a monitored issue.

Fire Alarm Systems

• The initiation of a fire alarm system reports the status of a protected space, components include circuit and components that send a signal to a fire alarm control unit (FACU)

Types of Circuits

• Signals transmit over an initiating device circuit (IDC) for conventional, or a signaling line circuit (SLC) for addressable systems.
• Conventional devices use a switch contact, causing current increase interpreted as an alarm signal.
• Short circuit/zone will put entire zone into an alarm state.

Addressable Systems

• Addressable devices communicate identification/location using a binary string over a signaling line circuit.
• The device address allows for the detector's location to be identified at the FACU

Detectors

• Ionization smoke detectors use radioactive material to ionize air molecules, creating an electric current. Smoke reduces the current, triggering the alarm.
• Photoelectric smoke detectors use a light source and photosensitive cell. Smoke scatters light, triggering the alarm.
• Beam smoke detectors use a transmitter, receiver or reflector across a large area. Reduced light triggers an alarm.
• Non-restorable fixed temperature heat detectors utilize solder that melts at a set temperature, triggering the alarm.
• Restorable fixed temperature heat detectors use two metals that bend at a specific temperature, triggering the alarm.
• Rate of rise heat detectors utilize an air chamber and a diaphragm. Rapid expansion triggers the alarm.
• Analog addressable heat detectors monitor temperature constantly, signaling based on programmed criteria.
• Carbon monoxide detectors measure light from a chemical detector. The chemical detector will change to a black color and light will no longer be reflected to the photocell, which will result in an alarm signal

Initiating Device Types

• Manual fire boxes/pull stations initiate alarms when pulled/pushed. They may require actions like lifting a cover.
• Vane waterflow switches are installed in the piping of a sprinkler system with a vane and initiate alarms when water begins to flow.

Suppression System Monitoring

• Water pressure switches are installed on sprinkler systems to monitor water pressure, sending a signal to the FACU when there is an increase.
• Notification appliances are controlled by the fire alarm control unit (FACU) using a notification appliance circuit (NAC).

Sound Control Systems

• The components in a notification appliance have a diode to direct current flow.
• Public mode signaling has the purpose to alert all within the building.
• Private mode signaling has the purpose to only alert those responsible for the emergency.

Fire Alarm Uses

• Fire alarm systems control elevator recall, door closers, and smoke control using control circuits and relays.
• A control circuit is essentially a notification appliance circuit (NAC) used for relays.
• Elevator recall sends the elevator to a designated level upon smoke detection. Additionally, the elevator will be sent to the alternate level (typically the level above the designated level).
• Smoke control system maintains smoke level for safe exiting.
• Automatic door closers are used in fire-resistant barriers (in corridor walls, shafts, etc.) and openings are protected with the fire doors
• Input Output Matrix outlines the outputs from the fire alarm control unit with respect to input received used in system design and testing.
• Primary power is provided by the electric utility, generator, Energy Storage System, or cogeneration.

Back-up power systems

• Secondary power is provided via batteries, standby generator, or Energy Storage System.

Electronic Access Control (EAC)

• EAC Systems provide features like supervision, muster reports, inventory control, and network access. They are used in buildings, RFID tracking, point of sale, billing and pharmaceutical production.
• EACs are used in Buildings with limited access for governmental facilities, data centers, rooms, and transport systems.
• Businesses also use this with high-value storage.
• Additional EAC facilities include retail, distribution, seaports, crossings, healthcare and education.

Single Structure & Multi-Structure EAC Systems

• Structures such as parking garages can use EAC to time inbound cards and control parking.
• Multiple structure sites may have multiple buildings for employees/construction companies.

Emergency Action Plan (EAC)

• This system generates master reports and prevents unauthorized entry
• Systems assist in educational facilitates prevent Intruders from gaining access to students/visitor management.

Design Considerations for Access Control

• Protect the Assets that have many forms (cash, bonds, materials and pharmaceuticals.)
• Systems have intangible assets (sales, projections, data, personnel records trading)

Access to Properties

• Controlled vehicles and parking are very important
• Card access or codes for controlling gate openers.
• Identify various spaces & security needed in area, so you can identify layout of building to various entrances and exits.
• Required identifying doors that can Access control to various area requirements (door alarms or door contacts)

System Doors Security

• Questions to determine system for doors security -Having card readers
• Exit only doors
• Monitored doors with contact -Fail safe for fails, secure to be monitored -High-security Windows -Elevators access and security -Gates to control system
• Security for rooms and control

Levels of Access Matrix

• After all of the spaces are identified and the doors marked for access control, the personnel still need to be granted access to the building
• Matrix identifies and groups spaces and doors together linking them to employee types
• ESS designer must measure critical aspects of the system

ESS in Degraded Mode

• Physical properties of electronics equipment
• Primary equipment power
• Software
• System cabling.
• Access control system server failure.
• Building Codes are required (state, local and other code requirements to to the design). One of the most important code is Safety Code ,