29 Questions
What are the two main partitions that main memory is usually divided into?
Operating system and user processes
What is the meaning of the phrase '14 bytes from the beginning of this module'?
The address of this module is 74014
What is the purpose of binding instructions and data to memory addresses?
To ensure that instructions and data are stored in the correct memory locations
Which type of memory allocation has a fixed number of partitions with equal or unequal sizes?
Fixed partition
What does dynamic partition memory allocation offer that fixed partition memory allocation does not?
No internal fragmentation
At which stage(s) can address binding of instructions and data to memory addresses occur?
At compile time, load time, and execution time
Which problem is associated with dynamic partition memory allocation but not with fixed partition allocation?
External fragmentation
What is the purpose of hardware support for address maps, such as base and limit registers?
To translate between logical and physical addresses
In non-contiguous memory allocation, how are memory blocks allocated to a user process?
Several sections of contiguous memory blocks according to requirements
What is the difference between logical and physical addresses?
Logical addresses are addresses used by the programmer, while physical addresses are addresses used by the hardware
What is the primary advantage of dynamic partition memory allocation over fixed partition?
No limitation on the number of processes
What is the primary purpose of the Memory-Management Unit (MMU)?
To map virtual addresses to physical addresses at runtime
Which of the following address-binding schemes does not differentiate between logical (virtual) and physical addresses?
Compile-time address binding
What is external fragmentation in memory management?
When total memory space exists to satisfy a request, but it is not contiguous
What is the primary benefit of dynamic loading?
It improves memory-space utilization by only loading routines when they are called
Which of the following is a key feature of dynamic linking?
It allows the operating system to check if a routine is already in the process's memory address space
In the context of swapping processes during a context switch, what is the primary factor that contributes to a high context switch time?
The size of the process being swapped
What is the purpose of the relocation register in the dynamic relocation mechanism?
To map virtual addresses to physical addresses at runtime
What is internal fragmentation in memory management?
When allocated memory may be slightly larger than requested memory
What is the primary purpose of the swapping mechanism in memory management?
To temporarily move a process out of main memory to secondary memory and then back again
In the context of segmentation, what is a segment?
A logical unit such as a main program or global variable
How does paging in memory management work?
By dividing logical memory into fixed-sized blocks called frames
What is the purpose of dividing physical memory into frames in paging?
To reduce internal fragmentation
What is the main advantage of using contiguous memory allocation?
It allows for efficient access to memory locations
What is a potential drawback of contiguous memory allocation?
It can result in external fragmentation
How can external fragmentation be reduced?
Through compaction
In the example given in the text, if a 100MB process needs to be swapped with a disk transfer rate of 50MB/sec and a disk latency of 8ms, what is the total context switch swapping component time?
4016 ms
What is a potential solution mentioned in the text to reduce the context switch time when swapping processes?
Reducing the size of the memory being swapped
What is the purpose of the system calls 'request memory' and 'release memory' mentioned in the text?
To inform the operating system about the memory usage of a process
This quiz covers the concepts of external and internal fragmentation in memory management, focusing on the process of loading, unloading from memory, and free memory space. Learn about how external fragmentation occurs when memory space is not contiguous and internal fragmentation happens when allocated memory is slightly larger than requested.
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