Fragmentation in Memory Management

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What are the two main partitions that main memory is usually divided into?

Equal size partition and unequal size partition
High speed and low speed
Fixed partition and dynamic partition
Operating system and user processes (correct)

What is the meaning of the phrase '14 bytes from the beginning of this module'?

The module starts at address 74000 and this address is 14 bytes from the start
The size of this module is 14 bytes
The module starts at address 74014
The address of this module is 74014 (correct)

What is the purpose of binding instructions and data to memory addresses?

To allow the program to be executed on different hardware
To optimize the performance of the program
To allow the memory locations to be changed during execution
To ensure that instructions and data are stored in the correct memory locations (correct)

Which type of memory allocation has a fixed number of partitions with equal or unequal sizes?

Fixed partition (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does dynamic partition memory allocation offer that fixed partition memory allocation does not?

No internal fragmentation (C) Signup and view all the answers

At which stage(s) can address binding of instructions and data to memory addresses occur?

At compile time, load time, and execution time (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which problem is associated with dynamic partition memory allocation but not with fixed partition allocation?

External fragmentation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of hardware support for address maps, such as base and limit registers?

To translate between logical and physical addresses (D) Signup and view all the answers

In non-contiguous memory allocation, how are memory blocks allocated to a user process?

Several sections of contiguous memory blocks according to requirements (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between logical and physical addresses?

Logical addresses are addresses used by the programmer, while physical addresses are addresses used by the hardware (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of dynamic partition memory allocation over fixed partition?

No limitation on the number of processes (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Memory-Management Unit (MMU)?

To map virtual addresses to physical addresses at runtime (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following address-binding schemes does not differentiate between logical (virtual) and physical addresses?

Compile-time address binding (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is external fragmentation in memory management?

When total memory space exists to satisfy a request, but it is not contiguous (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of dynamic loading?

It improves memory-space utilization by only loading routines when they are called (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key feature of dynamic linking?

It allows the operating system to check if a routine is already in the process's memory address space (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of swapping processes during a context switch, what is the primary factor that contributes to a high context switch time?

The size of the process being swapped (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the relocation register in the dynamic relocation mechanism?

To map virtual addresses to physical addresses at runtime (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is internal fragmentation in memory management?

When allocated memory may be slightly larger than requested memory (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the swapping mechanism in memory management?

To temporarily move a process out of main memory to secondary memory and then back again (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of segmentation, what is a segment?

A logical unit such as a main program or global variable (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does paging in memory management work?

By dividing logical memory into fixed-sized blocks called frames (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of dividing physical memory into frames in paging?

To reduce internal fragmentation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using contiguous memory allocation?

It allows for efficient access to memory locations (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drawback of contiguous memory allocation?

It can result in external fragmentation (B) Signup and view all the answers

How can external fragmentation be reduced?

Through compaction (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the example given in the text, if a 100MB process needs to be swapped with a disk transfer rate of 50MB/sec and a disk latency of 8ms, what is the total context switch swapping component time?

4016 ms (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential solution mentioned in the text to reduce the context switch time when swapping processes?

Reducing the size of the memory being swapped (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the system calls 'request memory' and 'release memory' mentioned in the text?

To inform the operating system about the memory usage of a process (A) Signup and view all the answers