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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes a comminuted fracture?
Which of the following best describes a comminuted fracture?
- The bone is broken at an angle.
- The bone is broken into several fragments. (correct)
- The bone is broken into two fragments.
- The bone is broken straight across.
A patient presents with a fracture where the bone is broken at a twisted angle. Which type of fracture is this most likely to be?
A patient presents with a fracture where the bone is broken at a twisted angle. Which type of fracture is this most likely to be?
- Spiral fracture (correct)
- Transverse fracture
- Impacted fracture
- Oblique fracture
What characteristic defines a transverse fracture?
What characteristic defines a transverse fracture?
- The bone fragments are displaced.
- The bone is broken into multiple pieces.
- The fracture line runs straight across the bone. (correct)
- The fracture occurs at an angle.
In the context of bone fractures, what does 'oblique' refer to?
In the context of bone fractures, what does 'oblique' refer to?
Which of the following is considered a type of complete fracture?
Which of the following is considered a type of complete fracture?
What is the defining characteristic of an incomplete fracture?
What is the defining characteristic of an incomplete fracture?
A child falls and X-rays reveal a fracture where one side of the bone is bent, and the other side has a small crack. What type of fracture is this most likely to be?
A child falls and X-rays reveal a fracture where one side of the bone is bent, and the other side has a small crack. What type of fracture is this most likely to be?
Which type of fracture is characterized by the bone bending without a distinct break, often seen in children?
Which type of fracture is characterized by the bone bending without a distinct break, often seen in children?
What is a common characteristic of buckle (torus) fractures?
What is a common characteristic of buckle (torus) fractures?
How does a displaced fracture differ from an undisplaced fracture?
How does a displaced fracture differ from an undisplaced fracture?
In a clinical setting, what is the primary distinguishing factor between an open and closed fracture?
In a clinical setting, what is the primary distinguishing factor between an open and closed fracture?
A patient is diagnosed with a significantly displaced spiral fracture of the proximal femoral shaft, along with an additional avulsion fracture of the lesser trochanter. Based on this information, what can be inferred about the fracture?
A patient is diagnosed with a significantly displaced spiral fracture of the proximal femoral shaft, along with an additional avulsion fracture of the lesser trochanter. Based on this information, what can be inferred about the fracture?
What's the best description of a depressed skull fracture?
What's the best description of a depressed skull fracture?
In the context of case 1, where is the oblique fracture located?
In the context of case 1, where is the oblique fracture located?
Based on the information provided in case 2, what kind of fracture is observed at the distal end of the radius?
Based on the information provided in case 2, what kind of fracture is observed at the distal end of the radius?
In case 3, what type of complete fracture is identified in the distal tibial shaft ?
In case 3, what type of complete fracture is identified in the distal tibial shaft ?
Which bone is affected by a transverse undisplaced closed fracture according to case 4?
Which bone is affected by a transverse undisplaced closed fracture according to case 4?
In case 5, what is the nature of the fracture affecting the distal part of the ulna and radius?
In case 5, what is the nature of the fracture affecting the distal part of the ulna and radius?
What type of fracture is described in case 6, affecting the proximal diaphysis of the humerus?
What type of fracture is described in case 6, affecting the proximal diaphysis of the humerus?
According to case 7, what are the characteristics of the fracture affecting the right tibia?
According to case 7, what are the characteristics of the fracture affecting the right tibia?
In case 8, which type of complete fracture is identified through the mid-diaphysis of the tibia?
In case 8, which type of complete fracture is identified through the mid-diaphysis of the tibia?
Referring to case 9, what additional type of fracture accompanies the displaced complete spiral closed fracture of the proximal femoral shaft?
Referring to case 9, what additional type of fracture accompanies the displaced complete spiral closed fracture of the proximal femoral shaft?
In case 10, what characterizes the fracture at the proximal part of the Humerus?
In case 10, what characterizes the fracture at the proximal part of the Humerus?
A 10-year-old patient presents with a suspected fracture after a fall. The radiograph shows a slight bulge in the cortex of the distal radius. Which type of fracture is most likely?
A 10-year-old patient presents with a suspected fracture after a fall. The radiograph shows a slight bulge in the cortex of the distal radius. Which type of fracture is most likely?
An adult presents with a complete fracture of the tibia sustained during a skiing accident. The fracture line spirals around the bone. Which mechanism of injury is most likely?
An adult presents with a complete fracture of the tibia sustained during a skiing accident. The fracture line spirals around the bone. Which mechanism of injury is most likely?
After a high-impact car accident, a patient is brought to the emergency room. Examination reveals a fracture of their femur where the bone is broken into multiple small fragments. Which type of fracture is most likely?
After a high-impact car accident, a patient is brought to the emergency room. Examination reveals a fracture of their femur where the bone is broken into multiple small fragments. Which type of fracture is most likely?
A construction worker falls from a height and sustains an open fracture of the forearm. What is the primary immediate concern in managing this type of fracture?
A construction worker falls from a height and sustains an open fracture of the forearm. What is the primary immediate concern in managing this type of fracture?
A soccer player suffers a twisting injury to the ankle. Radiographs show a fracture of the distal fibula, but the bones remain in alignment. What type of fracture is this considered?
A soccer player suffers a twisting injury to the ankle. Radiographs show a fracture of the distal fibula, but the bones remain in alignment. What type of fracture is this considered?
A patient presents with a fracture that runs perpendicular to the long axis of the bone. Which fracture type is this?
A patient presents with a fracture that runs perpendicular to the long axis of the bone. Which fracture type is this?
A young child experiences a fracture in which the bone bends and cracks but does not break completely. What specific type of fracture does this describe?
A young child experiences a fracture in which the bone bends and cracks but does not break completely. What specific type of fracture does this describe?
A patient receives a diagnosis of a comminuted fracture. What critical characteristic defines this type of fracture?
A patient receives a diagnosis of a comminuted fracture. What critical characteristic defines this type of fracture?
Which statement accurately describes the difference between a displaced and undisplaced fracture?
Which statement accurately describes the difference between a displaced and undisplaced fracture?
A fracture is described as 'open'. What critical information does this part of the diagnosis provide?
A fracture is described as 'open'. What critical information does this part of the diagnosis provide?
Which force causes a spiral fracture?
Which force causes a spiral fracture?
How does a bowing fracture typically present, and in what population is it most commonly observed?
How does a bowing fracture typically present, and in what population is it most commonly observed?
What is the underlying mechanism behind a buckle (torus) fracture?
What is the underlying mechanism behind a buckle (torus) fracture?
The X-ray report of a patient indicates a minimally displaced fracture. What does this suggest about the alignment of the bone fragments?
The X-ray report of a patient indicates a minimally displaced fracture. What does this suggest about the alignment of the bone fragments?
Flashcards
What is a fracture?
What is a fracture?
A break in a bone.
What is a complete fracture?
What is a complete fracture?
Occurs when the bone is broken into at least two or more pieces.
What is a transverse fracture?
What is a transverse fracture?
The bone is broken straight across.
What is an oblique fracture?
What is an oblique fracture?
The bone is broken at an angle.
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What is a spiral fracture?
What is a spiral fracture?
The bone is broken in a twisting motion
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What is a comminuted fracture?
What is a comminuted fracture?
The bone is broken into several fragments.
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What is an incomplete Fracture?
What is an incomplete Fracture?
When only one side of the bone is broken.
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What is a greenstick fracture?
What is a greenstick fracture?
When the bone bends and cracks, instead of breaking completely into separate pieces.
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What is a bowing fracture?
What is a bowing fracture?
Bone bends, but does not completely break.
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What is a buckle or torus fracture?
What is a buckle or torus fracture?
Fracture that bulges at the fracture site, typically in children
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What is a open fracture?
What is a open fracture?
The broken bone pierces the skin.
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What is a closed fracture?
What is a closed fracture?
The skin remains intact.
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What is a displaced fracture?
What is a displaced fracture?
The bone fragments are out of alignment.
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What is an undisplaced fracture?
What is an undisplaced fracture?
The bone fragments remain in correct anatomical alignment.
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What is a depressed skull fracture?
What is a depressed skull fracture?
A break in a cranial bone with depression of the bone toward the brain.
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- In pathology, a fracture is a break in a bone
Acute Traumatic Fracture (ATF) Classification
- ATF is classified by:
- Displaced or undisplaced
- Complete or incomplete
- Closed or open
- Complete fractures are further classified as:
- Spiral
- Comminuted
- Transverse
- Oblique
- Incomplete fractures can be:
- Bowing
- Greenstick
- Buckle
Complete Fractures
- A complete fracture occurs when the bone breaks into pieces, simple fractures involve two fragments
- Types of complete fractures:
- Transverse: Straight across the bone
- Oblique: At an angle
- Spiral: Angle is twisted
- Comminuted: Bone is broken into several fragments
- Complete transverse displaced diaphyseal fracture of the right tibia can occur
- X-rays of lumbar spine antero-posterior view can show complete fractures of the left L2 and L3 transverse processes
- Example: Oblique fracture through the mid-diaphysis of the tibia can occur
- Example: Oblique frature of the tibial shaft with posterior displacement can occur
- Example: Simple oblique fracture of the proximal phalanx in the left little finger of a 17-year-old boy can occur; can be viewed in preoperative and postoperative radiographs
- Tibia spiral complete fracture can occur
Comminuted Fractures
- Anteroposterior (AP) radiograph demonstrates a wedge (butterfly fragment) fracture of the proximal tibia with adjacent comminuted fibular fracture
- Comminuted displaced fracture of the 2nd metacarpal bone can occur
- Displaced comminuted fracture of the right distal radius with associated fracture of ulnar styloid is possible in the hand
Incomplete Fractures
- Occurs when only one side of the bone breaks and the other side remains intact or bends slightly
- Types include:
- Bowing
- Fissure
- Greenstick
- Torus
Greenstick Fracture
- Occurs when a bone bends enough to crack, but doesn't shatter into pieces
- Non-displaced, incomplete fracture of distal third of left radius, where the rest of the bones on both sides are intact
- Angulated Greenstick Fractures of the radial and ulnar diaphysis can occur
- Mid-diaphyseal, incomplete fractures of radius and ulna bones are another example
Buckle or Torus Fractures
- A type of broken bone that almost always affects kids and is considered an incomplete fracture
- Axial loading forces are exerted down the length of any given bone cause a cortical buckle fracture
- Typical type A buckle fractures affect the radius and ulna (arrows)
- A buckle fracture of the distal radius in a six-year-old child is possible, with arrows pointing to buckling of the cortex
- Torus fracture affects the dorsal aspect of the distal radius with buckling
- A buckle fracture bulges a wrist out of place
Bowing Fractures
- These are incomplete fractures of tubular long bones in pediatric patients
- Commonly affect the radius and ulna, followed by the fibula
Open and Closed Fractures
- Open fractures involve breaks where the bone penetrates the skin
- Closed fractures do not involve skin penetration
- Complex open fracture with displaced comminuted fractures of the tibia and a comminuted segmental fibular fracture can occur
- Open fracture at distal part of ulna and radius can occur
- Closed fracture of the proximal femoral shaft with additional avulsion fracture of the lesser trochanter can occur
- Closed diaphyseal fracture of the right tibia can occur
- Closed fracture of the proximal diaphysis of the humerus can occur
Displaced and Undisplaced Fractures
- Displaced fractures mean the bones are not in normal alignment
- Undisplaced fractures mean the bones are in normal alignment
- Displaced fractures include a spiral fracture of the distal tibial shaft
- Fracture of the distal diaphysis of the radius can occur
- Minimally displaced spiral fracture of the distal tibia due to a twisting injury in soccer can occur
- Complete displaced transverse diaphyseal fracture of the right tibia can occur
- Displaced fracture of the proximal diaphysis of the humerus can occur
- Undisplaced fractures include medial malleolar fracture
- X-rays show undisplaced fracture to the ulna bone of the forearm
- Undisplaced fracture through the posterior aspect of the distal fibula can occur
Depressed Skull Fracture
- This is a break in a cranial bone (or "crushed" portion of skull) with depression of the bone in toward the brain
- These fractures are identified due to the projection of dense bone over the skull
Case Studies
- Case 1: Complete (Oblique fracture)Displaced closed fracture of the tibial shaft
- Case 2: Incomplete closed undisplaced fracture of distal end of radius
- Case 3: Complete fracture (spiral fracture). Displaced , closed fracture of the distal tibial shaft
- Case 4: X-ray shows Complete (transverse) undisplaced closed fracture to the ulna bone of the forearm
- Case 5: Complete (transverse) displaced open fracture at distal part of ulna and radius
- Case 6: Complete (transverse) displaced, closed fracture of the proximal diaphysis of the humerus
- Case 7: Complete transverse Displaced closed diaphyseal fracture of the right tibia
- Case 8: Complete spiral displaced closed fracture through the mid-diaphysis of the tibia
- Case 9: Significantly displaced complete spiral closed fracture of the proximal femoral shaft with additional avulsion fracture of the lesser trochanter
- Case 10: Complete Comminuted displaced closed fracture at the proximal part of Humerus
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