Fracture Healing and Inflammation
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Questions and Answers

What is the first step in the sequence of leukocytic emigration during an inflammatory response?

  • Margination of leukocytes (correct)
  • Chemotaxis
  • Phagocytosis
  • Firm adhesion of leukocytes to the vascular endothelium

    • Which step of leukocytic emigration involves leukocytes moving through gaps between endothelial cells?

  • Leukocytic emigration (correct)
  • Chemotaxis
  • Phagocytosis
  • Firm adhesion of leukocytes

    • What role does hematoma play in the context of bone healing?

  • It promotes chemotaxis of inflammatory cells.
  • It increases osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid.
  • It provides a source of growth factors. (correct)
  • It facilitates leukocyte adhesion.

    • During the inflammatory response, which process follows the margination of leukocytes?

    <p>Firm adhesion of leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of increased osmotic pressure in interstitial fluid during inflammation?

    <p>Increased exudation of inflammatory fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of cells do pluripotential mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into within 4-5 days?

    <p>Fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the timeline for mesenchymal stem cell differentiation?

    <p>Differentiation occurs within 4–5 days after invasion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are known to proliferate after differentiation of the stem cells?

    <p>Osteoblasts and fibroblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs after pluripotential mesenchymal stem cells invade an area?

    <p>They differentiate into specific cell types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do osteoblasts play after the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells?

    <p>Osteoblasts and fibroblasts proliferate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does compression have in the context of fractures?

    <p>It resolves the gap between fracture ends and soft tissue entrapment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a biological factor influencing fracture healing?

    <p>Nutritional deficits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic is most likely to experience complications due to biological factors when healing from a fracture?

    <p>Individuals with nutritional deficits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does soft tissue entrapment play in fracture healing?

    <p>It can hinder the healing process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can negatively impact the healing of fractures due to biological factors?

    <p>Smoking habits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components are essential in the inflammatory process?

    <p>Leukocytes and plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the inflammation process in the body?

    <p>Chemical mediators from damaged cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which role do leukocytes play during inflammation?

    <p>Removing pathogens and debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of plasma proteins in inflammation?

    <p>To facilitate clotting and immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding chemical mediators in inflammation?

    <p>They are produced by damaged host cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do parathyroid hormones play in relation to osteoblasts?

    <p>They stimulate the differentiation and proliferation of osteoblasts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does aging affect muscle stem cells?

    <p>It decreases the quantity of muscle stem cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What negative impact can occur during the healing process of fractures?

    <p>Infection of the fracture site.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a likely outcome of decreased muscle stem cell quantity?

    <p>Increased muscle mass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is correct regarding the effects of aging on muscle stem cells?

    <p>Aging leads to a decline in muscle stem cell number.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used when healing occurs with a deformity?

    <p>Mal-union</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes delayed union in bone healing?

    <p>Persistence of the fracture line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of union occurs when there is an abnormal healing process?

    <p>Mal-union</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of union indicates a lack of adequate callus formation?

    <p>Delayed union</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is synonymous with abnormal bone healing leading to a deformity?

    <p>Mal-union</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Islamic Invocation

    • A prayer for forgiveness and mercy from God.
    • Expresses remorse for past actions.
    • Seeks God's forgiveness and compassion.

    Fracture Healing

    • Inflammation: A local vascular and cellular response to injury.
    • Components of Inflammation: White blood cells (leukocytes) and plasma proteins. Initiated by chemical mediators from damaged cells.
      • Types: Acute and Chronic.
    • Causes of Inflammation:
      • Infections (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites)
      • Trauma (physical: cold, heat, irradiation, electricity, burns, frostbite)
      • Chemical agents (acids, alkalies)
      • Foreign bodies (sutures)
      • Hypersensitivity reactions (allergies, autoimmune)
      • Necrotic tissues
    • Acute Inflammatory Reactions:
      • Transient vasoconstriction (brief, seconds)
      • Arteriole and capillary vasodilation
      • Increased capillary permeability
      • Slowing of blood flow (stasis)
    • Inflammatory exudate: A fluid leakage containing proteins and cells into the interstitial space.
      • Caused by increased vascular permeability and pressure differences.
    • Mechanism of Exudate Formation:
      • Changes in blood vessel diameter and permeability.
      • Fluid and protein escape from capillaries into tissues.
    • Local cellular reaction (Leukocytic emigration):
      • Bacteria initiates cytokine and chemokine production which causes exudate inflammation and recruitment WBCs.
      • Sequence: Margination, Firm adhesion to endothelium, migration through endothelium, Chemotaxis and Phagocytosis.
    • Bone Healing Stages:
      • Hematoma: Blood clot formation; provides growth factors and hematopoietic cells.
      • Inflammation: Macrophages, neutrophils, and platelets release cytokines. (24 hours after injury.)
      • Demolition: Inflammatory cells degrade necrotic tissue.
      • Granulation tissue formation: Formation of new tissue from BMPs, fibroblasts, and mesenchymal cells.
      • Soft callus formation: (4-6 weeks). Soft cartilage and fibrous tissue joins fractured ends.
      • Hard callus formation: (4-6 weeks). Hard bone replaces the soft callus.
      • Remodeling: Bone is reshaped and strengthened; varies in length based on age.
    • Factors affecting bone healing:
      • Mechanical: Stability, Gap, Compression
      • Biological: Nutritional deficits, smoking, diabetes, parathyroid hormones, aging, infection, blood supply.
    • Complications:
      • Infection
      • Non-union (no healing within 6 months): Trophic and Hypertrophic
      • Mal-union (healing with deformity)
      • Delayed union (slow healing)

    Physician Duties

    • Understand the fracture
    • Achieve conditions for healing
    • Consider factors affecting healing
    • Avoid complications

    Physiotherapist Duties

    • Understand the fracture
    • Consider factors affecting fracture healing
    • Avoid complications
    • Restore the function for fractured part, limb, surrounding joints and muscles, and the patient overall.

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    Related Documents

    Fracture Healing PDF

    Description

    Explore the mechanisms of fracture healing and the inflammatory response in the body. This quiz covers the types of inflammation, its causes, and the acute inflammatory reactions that occur after injury. Test your understanding of how the body responds to trauma and infection.

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