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Questions and Answers
What type of ribosomes are typically found in bacteria?
What type of ribosomes are typically found in bacteria?
- 70S (correct)
- 60S
- 80S
- 90S
Which of the following statements about eukaryotes is true?
Which of the following statements about eukaryotes is true?
- Eukaryotes generally only consist of bacteria
- Eukaryotes contain plasmids that are always present
- Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles (correct)
- Eukaryotes lack a nucleus
Which characteristic is associated with extracellular plasmids in bacteria?
Which characteristic is associated with extracellular plasmids in bacteria?
- Usually absent
- Usually present as an additional fragment of DNA (correct)
- Always circular and non-essential for survival
- Fragmented RNA
Which unicellular organism is known to feed on the human intestine and cause diseases?
Which unicellular organism is known to feed on the human intestine and cause diseases?
Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?
What is a potential consequence of improper dental work involving microbes?
What is a potential consequence of improper dental work involving microbes?
Which of the following organizations is NOT mentioned in the content provided?
Which of the following organizations is NOT mentioned in the content provided?
What systemic disease is mentioned as being impacted by oral microbes?
What systemic disease is mentioned as being impacted by oral microbes?
Which part of the body can be affected by oral microbes as mentioned in the content?
Which part of the body can be affected by oral microbes as mentioned in the content?
Which of the following best describes the role of improper dental work concerning microbes?
Which of the following best describes the role of improper dental work concerning microbes?
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Study Notes
Microbial Health Risks in Dentistry
- Improper dental work can introduce microbes, leading to infections, such as root canal abscesses.
- Oral microbes have the potential to spread through the bloodstream to organs like the brain, heart, and bone, which can cause serious systemic diseases.
- Conditions such as diabetes mellitus can be impacted by the presence of bacteria from oral infections.
Microbial Structure and Function
- Protozoa are unicellular organisms (e.g., amoebas) that inhabit the human intestine and can cause diseases.
- Eukaryotes possess a true nucleus, while prokaryotes (like bacteria) lack a nuclear membrane and nucleolus.
- Bacterial ribosomes are smaller (70S), consisting of 30S and 50S subunits, differing from human ribosomes (80S).
- Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA molecules that carry genes related to antibiotic resistance.
Antibiotic Target Sites and Mechanisms
- Aminoglycosides antibiotics target the 30S ribosomal subunit.
- Macrolides antibiotics target the 50S ribosomal subunit.
- Quinolones act as second-line antibiotics that inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis by disrupting DNA gyrase.
Bacterial Structural Variants and Functions
- Capsules are gelatinous layers outside the cell wall in some bacteria, serving as a virulence factor protecting against phagocytosis.
- Flagella enable motility in certain bacteria, while pili (fimbriae) assist in adherence to human tissues, acting as organs of adhesion.
Pathogenicity and Endospore Viability
- Pathogens are capable of causing disease in healthy hosts, without the influence of resident microbiota or immune defenses.
- Endospores are resistant structures that can remain dormant and survive in harsh conditions for extended periods, capable of germination when conditions become favorable.
- Clostridium tetani is an example of a bacterium that forms endospores and can lead to serious infections.
Opportunistic Infections
- Opportunistic infections can arise when pathogens infect abnormal sites, such as bacteria entering the bloodstream from the skin.
- The ability of endospores to survive long periods contributes to their potential to cause re-infection years after formation.
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