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Questions and Answers
According to the Social Model of Disability, who disables people?
society
What are the two distinct models of disability mentioned in the text?
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), impairment refers to any loss or abnormality of psychological functions.
False
At-risk refers to children who are considered to have a greater than usual chance of developing a ______.
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Match the historical figure with their contribution:
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What are internalizing behaviors focused on?
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What type of behaviors are more easily observable by others according to the text?
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Which of the following are examples of anxiety disorders? (Select all that apply)
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Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) can lead to difficulties in social, academic, and family settings.
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ADHD is a brain disorder that makes it difficult to focus, sit still, and keep track of details. It can cause problems with ____, ____, and _____.
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What does SWANs stand for in the context of inclusive education?
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What is the main goal of inclusive education?
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Placing students with disabilities in mainstream classes without adaptations constitutes inclusion. (True/False)
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Inclusive education is __________ rather than just being alleviative.
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Match the following with their examples of accommodations in education:
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What does ADHD stand for?
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What role do the basal ganglia play in regulating various processes in individuals with ADHD?
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ADHD is commonly diagnosed only in children.
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The corpus callosum facilitates communication between the __________ of the brain.
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Match the following assessment tools with their descriptions:
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What is the purpose of a Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA)?
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What are some key components of effective Classroom Management Practices?
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FBA starts by defining the student's behavior in a specific and objective way, for example, instead of saying the student is 'defiant,' the team might say the student '______.'
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Mnemonic instruction is proven to be ineffective for teaching students with behavior issues.
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Match the following components to their descriptions:
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What types of tests can be used for mood and personality testing in diagnosing ADHD?
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What type of seating allows ADHD learners to choose arrangements that best suit their individual needs?
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Concise instructions can help reduce confusion and overwhelm in ADHD learners.
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The use of checklists and setting completion goals can empower ADHD students to take ownership of their __________ process.
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Match the programming languages with their primary usage:
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What are the two general categories that can facilitate or hinder talent development?
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Gifted and talented students can exhibit their talents only within specific areas of interest.
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According to McAlpine & Reid (1996), what are the types of characteristics that a gifted and talented student can be studied in?
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Best practices in identification methods incorporate multiple ________________.
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What do abilities tests evaluate in children?
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Which of the following are commonly used abilities tests?
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Abilities tests are often delivered by professionals with advanced degrees.
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Abilities tests can be used for gifted assessment to provide a more in-depth learning profile of the __________.
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Match the abilities test principles with their descriptions:
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What did psychologist Robert Sternberg define intelligence as?
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According to Sternberg, how many aspects of intelligence are there?
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Gifted children are born with natural abilities well above the average for their age. (True/False)
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What is the Three-Ring Model of giftedness developed by Joseph Renzulli?
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The Piirto Pyramid offers a holistic perspective on _______ development.
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Study Notes
Foundations of Special and Inclusive Education
Social Model of Disability
- The social model of disability views disability as a result of societal barriers, not individual impairments.
- It emphasizes that people with impairments are often excluded from participation in society due to physical, organizational, and attitudinal barriers.
- This model promotes inclusion and equal opportunities for people with disabilities.
Medical Model of Disability
- The medical model of disability views disability as a personal tragedy or individual problem.
- It focuses on the individual's impairment or disability, rather than the societal barriers that prevent their participation.
- This model is often seen as disempowering and limiting for people with disabilities.
Concepts of Disability (According to WHO)
- Disability: any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner or range considered normal for a human being.
- Impairment: any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function.
- Handicap: a disadvantage for a given individual, resulting from an impairment or disability, that prevents the fulfillment of a role.
Implications of Disability Models
- Medical model: the individual is seen as the problem, and the focus is on changing the individual to fit into society.
- Social model: the barriers in society are seen as the problem, and the focus is on removing these barriers to promote inclusion.
People with Disabilities (PWDs)
- PWDs are often excluded from participation in society due to physical, organizational, and attitudinal barriers.
- They may experience internalized oppression, where they are made to feel that they are the problem and need to change.
Other Concepts
- At-risk: children who are considered to have a greater than usual chance of developing a disability.
- People First Policy: a language trend that involves putting the person first, not the disability.
Historical and Legal Foundations
- Era of Extermination (BC): a period of history where people with disabilities were seen as a burden and were often subjected to punishment and exclusion.
- Jean Marc Gaspard-Itard: a pioneer in special education who used systematic techniques to teach a boy with disabilities.
- Eduard Seguin: a educator who focused on teaching individuals with intellectual disabilities using sensory and motor training.
- Maria Montessori: a educator who developed the concept of self-construction of the child and the "prepared environment".
Philippines' Historical and Legal Foundations
- 1907: Insular School for the Deaf and Blind was established.
- 1960: Undersecretary of Education and Culture for Non-formal Education was established.
- 1983: Law to Enhance Mobility of PWDs was passed.
- 1987: The 1987 Philippine Constitution was ratified.
- 1989: Proclamation 480 declared 1990-1999 as the "Decade of Education for All".
- 1990: The World Declaration of Education for All was adopted.
- 1992: The Magna Carta for the Disabled was passed.
- 1994: The Salamanca Statement for the Education of Children with Disabilities was adopted.
- 1996: The Four Pillars of Learning were established.
- 2000: The Dakar Framework for Action was adopted.
Inclusive Education
- Inclusive education is a process that aims to respond to students' diversity by increasing their participation and reducing exclusion.
- It involves adapting the design and physical structures, teaching methods, and curriculum to make education accessible to all students.
- Inclusive education is transformative, not just alleviative, and equates to the idea of equity.
Adaptations and Accommodations
- Adaptations: changes permissible in educational environments to allow students equal opportunity to access and participate.
- Accommodations: changes that allow students with disabilities to participate in inclusive environments by compensating for their weaknesses.
Effective Practice in Teaching Inclusive School
- Inclusive education is transformative, not just alleviative, and equates to the idea of equity.
- It involves adapting the design and physical structures, teaching methods, and curriculum to make education accessible to all students.
Learners with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders (EBD)
- The key characteristics of EBDs include impulsiveness, short attention span, aggression/acting out, defiance, and refusal.
- EBDs are often seen as a result of societal and environmental factors, rather than individual impairments.### Learning Difficulties and Behaviors
- LDGTL (Learners with Disabilities, Gifted and Talented Learners) require a structured curriculum that is tailored to their individual needs, with accommodations and modifications to meet their learning requirements.
- Special education teachers work collaboratively with other professionals to provide intensive instruction to LDGTL.
- Internalizing behaviors are problems that focus on the individual's self, such as withdrawal, anxiety, depression, and emotional problems, which can lead to issues like poor academic performance, social withdrawal, and mental health problems if left untreated.
- Externalizing behaviors occur in interaction with the social environment and include problems like aggression, impulsivity, defiance, and hyperactivity, which can result in difficulties like antisocial behavior, delinquency, and peer problems.
Psychiatric Disorders
- Anxiety Disorders: a broad term covering several disabilities that share the core symptom of irrational fear, including generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), social anxiety disorder, and specific phobias.
- Examples of people with anxiety disorders: Adele, Oprah Winfrey, Ryan Reynolds, Johnny Depp
- Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD): a behavioral condition characterized by recurrent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and/or repetitive behaviors (compulsions).
- Examples of people with OCD: Leonardo Di Caprio, David Beckham, Albert Einstein
- ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder): a brain disorder that makes it difficult to focus, sit still, and keep track of details, causing problems with work, school, and relationships.
- Examples of people with ADHD: Paris Hilton, Michael Phelps, Justin Timberlake
- Depression: a serious mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities, impacting daily functioning.
- Examples of people with depression: Dwayne Johnson, Lady Gaga, Robin Williams
- Bipolar Disorder: a serious medical condition that causes dramatic mood swings from overly "high" and/or irritable to sad and hopeless, and then back again, with periods of normal mood in between.
- Examples of people with bipolar disorder: Ernest Hemingway, Demi Lovato, Kanye West
- Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD): a behavioral condition characterized by a persistent pattern of angry, defiant, and disobedient behavior toward authority figures.
- Examples of people with ODD: Shia LaBeouf
- Conduct Disorder: a mental health condition that affects children and teens, characterized by persistent antisocial and aggressive behaviors.
- Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD): a childhood disorder characterized by a pervasively irritable or angry mood, recently added to DSM-5.
Assessment and Interventions
- RTI (Response to Intervention): a proactive approach to identify struggling students early and provide them with support to thrive in school.
- Tier 1: Primary Instruction, involving all students in school, with sound instructional teaching processes and research-based instruction.
- Tier 2: Secondary Intervention, providing supplemental instruction for students who have not advanced out of Tier 1, in a smaller group setting.
- Tier 3: Serious Intervention, providing intensive instruction for students who continue to struggle from Tier 1 and Tier 2, with individualized learning goals and content specialists assigned to students.
Instructional Accommodations
- Effective and sound classroom management practices, including clear rules, consistent consequences, and engaging lessons.
- FBA (Functional Behavioral Assessment): a process to identify the purpose of a behavior and create a plan to improve it.
- Instructional strategies, such as mnemonic instruction, adjusting task difficulty, and personalized methods of instruction.
- Relationship building and conflict resolution strategies, including active listening, compromise, and life-space interviewing.
Additional Strategies
- Previewing and reviewing previous lessons to facilitate learning.
- Breaking reading sessions into shorter intervals to increase engagement and comprehension for students with EBD (Emotional and Behavioral Disorders).
- Using humor and diffusing tensions to resolve conflicts.
- Providing alternative behaviors and exploring options to improve behavior.### Foundations of Special and Inclusive Education
What is ADHD?
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties with attention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity.
- ADHD is not a distinct disease, but rather a collection of symptoms stemming from various emotional, psychological, or learning issues.
Causes of ADHD
- Genetics: inheritance from parents, ADHD runs in families, and specific genes are involved in the risk of developing ADHD.
- Environmental interactions: prenatal exposure to toxins, maternal smoking during pregnancy, premature birth, and certain maternal medical disorders.
- Brain structure and function: differences in the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and corpus callosum regions.
Characteristics and Types of ADHD
- Predominantly Inattentive Presentation: difficulty with organization, finishing tasks, paying attention to details, and following instructions.
- Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation: fidgeting, talking excessively, interrupting others, and feeling restless.
- Combined Presentation: symptoms of both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive types.
Assessments for ADHD
- Interviews with parents, learners, relatives, and teachers.
- Observation of the learner's behavior at home, school, and other places.
- Medical evaluations and psychological assessments, including:
- Neuropsychological tests (e.g., attention, memory, executive function, and processing speed).
- Intelligence tests (e.g., verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed).
- Mood and personality tests (e.g., self-report questionnaires, structured interviews, and rating scales).
Instructional Accommodations for ADHD Learners
- Flexible seating arrangements.
- Concise and clear instructions to reduce confusion and distractions.
- The use of checklists and setting completion goals to empower learners to take ownership of their learning process.
- Allowing learners to choose what they want to master in terms of tests.
- Personalized assessments tailored to their interests and strengths.
- Frequent feedback on positive behavior to reinforce desired behaviors and enhance self-awareness, motivation, and academic success.
Collaboration and Support for ADHD Learners
- Collaboration between parents, teachers, or caregivers to improve academic performance and solve problems.
- Recognizing the problems and working together to develop a plan to achieve objectives.
- Monitoring progress and revising the intervention plan as needed.
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Review the concepts of diversity and disability in the context of special and inclusive education, focusing on the social model of disability. Understand the restrictions of opportunities, choice, and self-determination.
