21 Questions
Who are the three claimants to the title of father of psychology?
William James, Sigmund Freud, and Wilhelm Wundt
Which foundational work by William James took 12 years to write and was about 1,200 pages long?
The Principles of Psychology
Who did William James argue against in his major work, The Principles of Psychology?
Locke, Berkeley, and Hume
What is the primary concern of psychology according to William James?
The issue of consciousness
According to empiricists, where does the mind acquire ideas from?
Sensory experience
What does James advocate for understanding consciousness?
Introspective data
What does Freud's theory of basic forces include?
Id, ego, superego
According to Freud's psychological theory, what are the three realms of mental terrain?
Conscious, preconscious, unconscious
What does Popper's falsifiability criterion consider Freudian psychoanalysis?
Pseudoscience
According to James, what does Freudian theory reject?
Introspective data
Who challenged Popper's statement regarding the empirical testability of Freudian theory?
Hans Eysenck and Adolf Grunbaum
Which psychologist's major work was criticized for a lack of clear principles?
James
Who is known as one of the fathers of psychology and focused on the elements of consciousness through experimentation and objective observation?
Wilhelm Wundt
Which movement in psychology emerged as a counter-movement against behaviorism?
Cognitive revolution
Who argued that the analysis of verbal behavior was not enough to explain complex human language use?
Noam Chomsky
What led to the dominance of academic psychology in the 20th century?
Behaviorism
Who insisted on a science fundamentally tied to experiment and objective observation, with a focus on observable behavior?
Behaviorism
Who is criticized for setting back the study of psychology and psychiatry, but whose influence can still be seen in modern psychoanalytic practice?
Sigmund Freud
What revolution began in the late 20th century with the use of new techniques for brain imaging and intervention?
Neuroscience revolution
What were Freud's, James's, and Wundt's different perspectives on?
The nature of consciousness
What is significant about Wundt's influence on academic psychology?
It led to the dominance of experimental psychology and the development of behaviorism.
Study Notes
- Some Freudian concepts are falsifiable, but at least some aspects of Freudian theory are empirically testable.
- Psychologist Hans Eysenck and philosopher Adolf Grunbaum challenged Popper's blanket statement that Freudian theory is not empirically testable.
- James's reputation has been criticized for lack of clear principles in his major work, The Principles of Psychology.
- Wilhelm Wundt, known as one of the fathers of psychology, focused on the elements of consciousness through experimentation and objective observation.
- Wundt's approach differed from James and Freud's in that he relied on simple signals from subjects rather than introspection or clinical practice.
- Wundt's work led to the development of behaviorism, which dominated academic psychology in the 20th century.
- The cognitive revolution in the 1960s was a counter-movement against the reign of behaviorism.
- Noam Chomsky argued that analysis of verbal behavior was not enough to explain complex human language use, leading to the development of cognitive psychology and cognitive science.
- The neuroscience revolution began in the late 20th century with the use of new techniques for brain imaging and intervention.
- Freud's theory of the unconscious guiding behavior, James's emphasis on the continuity of consciousness, and the fragmented nature of consciousness are different perspectives on the nature of consciousness.
- Wundt trained many graduate students, including Americans, during a time when psychology became popular and academic positions were expanding.
- Behaviorism, which emerged in Wundt's wake, insists on a science fundamentally tied to experiment and objective observation, with a focus on observable behavior.
- Freud's theories have been criticized for setting back the study of psychology and psychiatry, but his influence can still be seen in modern psychoanalytic practice.
- James's major work, The Principles of Psychology, was critically examined on its 100th anniversary and found to lack clear principles.
- Wundt's influence on academic psychology was significant, with his work leading to the dominance of experimental psychology and the development of behaviorism.
Explore the early history of psychology and the competing theories of William James, Sigmund Freud, and Wilhelm Wundt. Delve into the pivotal role these figures played in shaping the discipline as it emerged in the 19th century.
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