36 Questions
Who is credited with establishing the first psychological institute in 1879?
Wilhelm Wundt
What was the primary research method used by Wilhelm Wundt in his laboratory?
Introspection
According to Wundt, what is the fundamental subject of study in psychology?
Immediate conscious experience
What is the term used by Wundt to describe the internal awareness of one's own mental states?
Inner perception
How many basic qualities of sensation did Wundt identify through his research?
Seven
What is the term used to describe the process of forgetting, which was studied by Hermann Ebbinghaus?
Forgetting curve
What are the three general dimensions of emotional experience, according to Wundt?
libost-nelibost, napětí-uvolnění, vzrušení-uklidnění
What is aperception, according to Wundt?
the process of integrating elements of consciousness
What was Francis Galton's contribution to psychology?
the study of individual differences, especially in intelligence
What did Galton believe was the key to survival in the human species?
intelligence
What was the title of Galton's book on hereditary genius?
Hereditary Genius
What was Galton's method for measuring intelligence?
snsorimetric assessment
What was the name of Galton's laboratory in London?
The Anthropometric Laboratory
What was Wundt's view on the relationship between the mind and body?
a psycho-physical parallelist, believing in the parallel operation of mind and body
What was Wundt's contribution to the development of psychology?
the establishment of the first psychology laboratory
What was the outcome of Galton's research on hereditary genius?
an inconclusive result, with many methodological limitations
What was the main objective of Galton's massive measurements?
To establish a correlation between human abilities and physical proportions
Who is credited with developing the concept of correlation coefficient?
Karl Pearson
What is the term coined by Galton to describe the eternal dilemma of nature versus nurture?
Nature and nurture
What was the purpose of Galton's imagination research?
To understand how people imagine their morning breakfast
What is the term used to describe the tendency of people to automate repetitive activities?
Automatization
What is the primary function of consciousness according to James?
To enable people to adapt to their environment
Who is credited with developing the concept of pragmatism?
William James
What is the term used to describe the process of selecting certain stimuli to focus on while ignoring others?
Attention
What is the term used to describe the concept of instinctual behavior?
Instinct
What is the term used to describe the concept of conscious decisions versus habitual behavior?
Voluntary versus involuntary behavior
What is the main aspect of human behavior that James believed is regulated by instincts and automated habits?
Major portion of human behavior
What is the term used to describe the concept that emotions are a response to physical changes in the body?
James-Lange theory of emotions
What is the term used to describe the concept of personal religious experiences?
Personal religious experiences
What is the significance of the number 7 in Ebbinghaus's research on memory?
The capacity of short-term memory
What is the shape of the forgetting curve according to Ebbinghaus's research?
Logarithmic
What is the term used to describe the concept of 'I' as the subject of mental activity?
Já poznávající
What is the term used to describe the concept of 'me' as the sum of everything that can be designated as mine?
Já poznávané
What is the name of the German scholar who influenced James's work on emotions?
Carl G. Lange
What is the title of James's book on religious experiences?
The Varieties of Religious Experience
What is the name of the German scholar who researched memory and developed the concept of nonsense syllables?
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Study Notes
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
- Founded the first formal laboratory of psychology in Leipzig in 1879
- Considered the father of modern psychology
- Introduced introspection as a research method
- Focused on conscious experience and the structure of the mind
- Identified seven basic qualities of perception: visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, kinesthetic, and organic
- Developed a psycho-physical parallelism, which posits that mental and physical processes are parallel but distinct
Francis Galton (1822-1911)
- Introduced the concept of individual differences in psychology
- Focused on the study of intelligence and its inheritance
- Developed the first intelligence tests, which were based on sensory discrimination tasks
- Founded the Anthropometric Laboratory in 1884, where he collected data on human physical and mental abilities
- Coining the phrase "nature and nurture" to describe the debate over the relative importance of genetics and environment in human development
William James (1842-1910)
- Taught physiology, psychology, and philosophy at Harvard
- Published "Principles of Psychology" in 1890, a two-volume work that became a classic in the field
- Focused on the study of consciousness and the role of the self in perception and behavior
- Introduced the concept of the "stream of consciousness"
- Developed a theory of emotions, which posits that emotions are the result of physiological responses to stimuli
Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)
- Published "Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology" in 1885
- Developed a method for studying memory using nonsense syllables
- Demonstrated the forgetting curve, which shows that memory loss occurs rapidly at first and then slows down
- Found that the capacity of short-term memory is limited to around seven items
Learn about the contributions of Wilhelm Wundt, Francis Galton, William James, and Hermann Ebbinghaus to the field of psychology, including their research on intelligence, consciousness, and memory.
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