Founders of Psychology

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Questions and Answers

Who is credited with establishing the first psychological institute in 1879?

William James

Wilhelm Wundt (correct)

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Francis Galton

What was the primary research method used by Wilhelm Wundt in his laboratory?

Behavioral observation

Survey research

Introspection (correct)

Experimental manipulation

According to Wundt, what is the fundamental subject of study in psychology?

Environmental factors

Immediate conscious experience (correct)

Human behavior

Brain structure

What is the term used by Wundt to describe the internal awareness of one's own mental states?

Inner perception Signup and view all the answers

How many basic qualities of sensation did Wundt identify through his research?

Seven Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the process of forgetting, which was studied by Hermann Ebbinghaus?

Forgetting curve Signup and view all the answers

What are the three general dimensions of emotional experience, according to Wundt?

libost-nelibost, napětí-uvolnění, vzrušení-uklidnění Signup and view all the answers

What is aperception, according to Wundt?

the process of integrating elements of consciousness Signup and view all the answers

What was Francis Galton's contribution to psychology?

the study of individual differences, especially in intelligence Signup and view all the answers

What did Galton believe was the key to survival in the human species?

intelligence Signup and view all the answers

What was the title of Galton's book on hereditary genius?

Hereditary Genius Signup and view all the answers

What was Galton's method for measuring intelligence?

snsorimetric assessment Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of Galton's laboratory in London?

The Anthropometric Laboratory Signup and view all the answers

What was Wundt's view on the relationship between the mind and body?

a psycho-physical parallelist, believing in the parallel operation of mind and body Signup and view all the answers

What was Wundt's contribution to the development of psychology?

the establishment of the first psychology laboratory Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of Galton's research on hereditary genius?

an inconclusive result, with many methodological limitations Signup and view all the answers

What was the main objective of Galton's massive measurements?

To establish a correlation between human abilities and physical proportions Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with developing the concept of correlation coefficient?

Karl Pearson Signup and view all the answers

What is the term coined by Galton to describe the eternal dilemma of nature versus nurture?

Nature and nurture Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of Galton's imagination research?

To understand how people imagine their morning breakfast Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the tendency of people to automate repetitive activities?

Automatization Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of consciousness according to James?

To enable people to adapt to their environment Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with developing the concept of pragmatism?

William James Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the process of selecting certain stimuli to focus on while ignoring others?

Attention Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the concept of instinctual behavior?

Instinct Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the concept of conscious decisions versus habitual behavior?

Voluntary versus involuntary behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the main aspect of human behavior that James believed is regulated by instincts and automated habits?

Major portion of human behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the concept that emotions are a response to physical changes in the body?

James-Lange theory of emotions Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the concept of personal religious experiences?

Personal religious experiences Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the number 7 in Ebbinghaus's research on memory?

The capacity of short-term memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the forgetting curve according to Ebbinghaus's research?

Logarithmic Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the concept of 'I' as the subject of mental activity?

Já poznávající Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the concept of 'me' as the sum of everything that can be designated as mine?

Já poznávané Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the German scholar who influenced James's work on emotions?

Carl G. Lange Signup and view all the answers

What is the title of James's book on religious experiences?

The Varieties of Religious Experience Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the German scholar who researched memory and developed the concept of nonsense syllables?

Hermann Ebbinghaus Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)

Founded the first formal laboratory of psychology in Leipzig in 1879
Considered the father of modern psychology
Introduced introspection as a research method
Focused on conscious experience and the structure of the mind
Identified seven basic qualities of perception: visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, kinesthetic, and organic
Developed a psycho-physical parallelism, which posits that mental and physical processes are parallel but distinct

Francis Galton (1822-1911)

Introduced the concept of individual differences in psychology
Focused on the study of intelligence and its inheritance
Developed the first intelligence tests, which were based on sensory discrimination tasks
Founded the Anthropometric Laboratory in 1884, where he collected data on human physical and mental abilities
Coining the phrase "nature and nurture" to describe the debate over the relative importance of genetics and environment in human development

William James (1842-1910)

Taught physiology, psychology, and philosophy at Harvard
Published "Principles of Psychology" in 1890, a two-volume work that became a classic in the field
Focused on the study of consciousness and the role of the self in perception and behavior
Introduced the concept of the "stream of consciousness"
Developed a theory of emotions, which posits that emotions are the result of physiological responses to stimuli

Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)

Published "Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology" in 1885
Developed a method for studying memory using nonsense syllables
Demonstrated the forgetting curve, which shows that memory loss occurs rapidly at first and then slows down
Found that the capacity of short-term memory is limited to around seven items

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Description

Learn about the contributions of Wilhelm Wundt, Francis Galton, William James, and Hermann Ebbinghaus to the field of psychology, including their research on intelligence, consciousness, and memory.