Foundations of Nursing Theory
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of Watson's Theory of Caring?

  • Restoring patients to health through environmental manipulation
  • Addressing uncertainty in illness
  • Patient adaptation to environmental changes
  • The nurse-patient caring relationship (correct)
  • Which level of nursing theory is least abstract and targets interventions for specific phenomena?

  • Grand level
  • Practice level (correct)
  • Middle-Range level
  • Prescriptive level
  • Which of the following theories primarily addresses the acquisition of skills from novice to expert?

  • Kolcaba's Comfort Theory
  • Nightingale's Environmental Theory
  • Roy's Adaptive Theory
  • Benner's Skill Acquisition Theory (correct)
  • What is the primary aim of Evidence-Based Nursing Practice (EBNP)?

    <p>To integrate best evidence with nurse expertise and patient values (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of theory incorporates all four meta-paradigm concepts?

    <p>Grand level (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the Middle-Range level theory?

    <p>It directly guides clinical practice. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a prescriptive nursing theory?

    <p>Turning an immobile patient every two hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What important change has influenced the development of nursing's theoretical foundation over the last 50 years?

    <p>The increased focus on evidence-based practice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon does Kolcaba's theory primarily address?

    <p>Providing comfort to patients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Nightingale's theory emphasize in nursing?

    <p>Environmental manipulation for patient recovery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited as the first nurse theorist and researcher?

    <p>Florence Nightingale (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does nursing theory primarily help to define?

    <p>Nursing phenomena and relationships between them (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT belong to the nursing meta-paradigm concepts?

    <p>Caring (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nurse researchers in relation to nursing theory?

    <p>To test and confirm or refute nursing theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In nursing theory, what is 'environment/situation' defined as?

    <p>Conditions affecting patients and their care settings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'domain' in nursing?

    <p>The perspective of the nursing profession (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept is described as 'the recipient of nursing care'?

    <p>Person (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is health defined in the context of nursing theory?

    <p>A state of being defined by personal values and lifestyle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of caring in nursing?

    <p>Establishing connections and achieving positive outcomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding nursing knowledge?

    <p>It is dynamic and evolves with new research and evidence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which activity is NOT considered a part of the ANA Professional Role Activities?

    <p>Clinical diagnosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nursing degree focuses on conducting research and contributing to empirical knowledge?

    <p>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of Standard 14: Scholarly Inquiry?

    <p>Integrating scholarship into practice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which competency is associated with a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN)?

    <p>Assist with problem identification in nursing practice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes deductive reasoning?

    <p>Developing specific predictions from general principles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nurses are the main producers of evidence for Evidence-Based Nursing Practice (EBNP) because they:

    <p>Understand patient needs and nursing practice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At the doctoral level, which of the following is a primary responsibility of a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP)?

    <p>Implement and evaluate evidence-based guidelines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reasoning is primarily qualitative and involves developing generalizations from specific observations?

    <p>Inductive reasoning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an aspect of EBNP competencies at the Master's level?

    <p>Develop nursing theories (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'resource stewardship' refer to in nursing professional activities?

    <p>Utilizing resources effectively and sustainably (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reasoning involves drawing general conclusions from specific observations?

    <p>Inductive reasoning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the primary use of inductive approaches in nursing research?

    <p>To study human behavior and experiences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential to assess when reviewing articles from the CINAHL database?

    <p>If it is published in a nursing journal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between inductive and deductive approaches in nursing knowledge development?

    <p>Both inductive and deductive approaches are necessary. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which database contains comprehensive nursing literature including articles from other health disciplines?

    <p>CINAHL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a nursing student ensure when selecting articles for a group assignment?

    <p>The articles are original research reports. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which criterion can help determine if a journal is classified as a nursing journal?

    <p>It includes the word 'nurse' or 'nursing' in the title. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common misconception exists regarding evidence derived from inductive methods?

    <p>Inductive approaches are undervalued in healthcare. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term best describes knowledge generated from learned principles in nursing education?

    <p>Deductive knowledge (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a goal of utilizing evidence-based practice (EBP) in nursing?

    <p>Increasing hospital profits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Nursing Theory

    Nursing theory helps explain nursing phenomena, the relationships between them, and the predicted outcomes related to nursing.

    Florence Nightingale

    The first nurse theorist/scientist/researcher, credited with significant contributions to nursing practice.

    Nursing's Domain

    Nursing's perspective or area of focus, including concepts, values, and phenomena of interest.

    Meta-paradigm Concepts

    The core concepts of nursing: person, health, environment/situation, and nursing.

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    Nursing's Paradigm

    Links nursing beliefs, assumptions, and theories, such as holistic, patient-centered care.

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    Person (in nursing)

    The recipient of nursing care (individual, family, group, etc.).

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    Health

    A state of being defined by an individual, related to their values and lifestyle.

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    Environment/Situation

    Conditions affecting patients and where care takes place.

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    Nursing (as action)

    The doing/action part of nursing.

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    Caring

    The importance of connecting with people and showing that their events and circumstances matter in nursing.

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    Grand Level Theory

    The most abstract level of nursing theory; it provides a framework for the entire nursing discipline. It encompasses all meta-paradigm concepts.

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    Middle-Range Theory

    Less abstract than grand theory, applicable to clinical practice situations. It focuses on specific concepts like pain, hope, or sorrow.

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    Practice Level Theory

    Describes nursing interventions for specific nursing problems. Taught to undergraduate nursing students.

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    Prescriptive Level Theory

    Nursing theories showing the specific interventions required immediately, consistently done when situations warrant.

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    Watson's Theory of Caring

    Focuses on the nurse-patient caring relationship as a key to patient wholeness and dignity.

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    Nightingale's Theory

    Focuses on manipulating a patient's environment to facilitate recovery.

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    Roy's Theory

    Focuses on a patient's adaptation to changes in physiological, self-concept, role function, and interdependence domains.

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    Evidence-Based Nursing Practice (EBNP)

    A problem-solving approach to nursing care that integrates best evidence, nurse expertise, and patient preferences and values.

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    Nursing's Theoretical Foundation

    The growing body of nursing knowledge, expanding over time due to increasing nursing phenomena and the use of evidence-based practice.

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    Benner's Skill Acquisition

    A theory focusing on the development of nursing skills from novice to expert.

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    Inductive Reasoning

    Starting with specific observations and moving towards general conclusions.

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    Deductive Reasoning

    Applying general principles to specific situations to reach conclusions.

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    Nursing Knowledge

    The specialized body of knowledge that guides nursing practice, including both inductive and deductive reasoning.

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    Credible Evidence

    Information that is trustworthy, accurate, and reliable.

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    Nursing Literature

    Writings by, for, and about nurses and nursing phenomena.

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    CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature)

    A database containing a vast collection of nursing literature.

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    Nursing Journal

    A publication that focuses on nursing research, practice, and theory.

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    INANE (International Nursing and Allied Health Journal List)

    A list of officially recognized nursing journals.

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    Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)

    Using the best available evidence to inform nursing practice.

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    Original Research Reports

    Published studies presenting new findings from research.

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    ANA Standards of Professional Performance

    A set of guidelines for nurses to practice effectively, ethically, and responsibly, covering aspects like communication, leadership, and research.

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    Scholarly Inquiry

    The use of research findings and evidence to guide nursing practice, leading to better patient care and outcomes.

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    Inductive Nursing Knowledge

    Knowledge gained through direct observations and experiences in nursing practice.

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    What is 'evidence' in Nursing?

    Knowledge generated through research about nursing practice.

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    Who Produces Evidence for EBNP?

    Registered Nurses are key contributors to the research that shapes nursing practice.

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    What is the relationship between EBNP and Nursing Research?

    EBNP relies on nursing research to inform practice, while nursing research is driven by the need to understand and improve care in real-world settings.

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    What is the role of nursing in scholarly inquiry?

    Nurses have a responsibility to not only utilize research findings but also contribute to the knowledge base through research and scholarship.

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    Study Notes

    Theoretical and Scientific Foundations of Professional Nursing Practice

    • Florence Nightingale (FN) is considered the first nurse theorist/scientist/researcher, beginning nursing's theoretical/scientific heritage in the Crimean War (1854-1856).

    What is Theory and Nursing Theory?

    • Theory explains events by Defining a concept involves clearly stating its meaning and characteristics to enhance understanding. In the context of nursing theory, defining is crucial as it establishes a foundation for developing knowledge that guides nursing practice. It encompasses identifying key components of phenomena pertinent to patient care, recognizing the nuances involved in human interactions, and determining the dynamics of health and illness. Through precise definitions, nursing professionals can create a common language, facilitating effective communication among practitioners and enhancing the overall quality of care delivered to patients.concepts, detailing relationships among concepts, and predicting outcomes.
    • Nursing theory defines and explains nursing phenomena, relationships between phenomena, and predicts outcomes, building upon nursing knowledge.

    Nursing Theory, cont.

    • Nurse researchers/scientists test nursing theory/nursing knowledge (nursing science) to confirm or refute existing knowledge, leading to ongoing developments in the knowledge base.
    • This theoretical knowledge is constantly evolving.

    Domain

    • The domain represents the perspective of a profession or discipline, providing the subject, concepts, values, and beliefs plus phenomena of interest.
    • Nursing's domain is broad due to the large variety of phenomena of interest, such as nursing diagnoses.

    Paradigm

    • A paradigm links beliefs, theory, and assumptions within a discipline (e.g., nursing's focus on holistic, patient-centered care with an outcome focus).
    • The four recognized concepts within the nursing paradigm are person, health, environment/situation, and nursing. These are the meta-paradigm concepts of nursing.

    The Meta-Paradigm Concepts of Nursing

    • Person: The recipient of nursing care (individual, family, group, or population).
    • Health: A state of being—how individuals define it related to their values, personality, and lifestyle.
    • Environment/Situation: All conditions affecting patients and settings of nursing care.
    • Nursing: A verb (action), noun (person providing care), or combination of both.

    Caring

    • Caring is central to nursing, although it's not a meta-paradigm concept.
    • Caring involves understanding that people, events, and things matter and connection.
    • Caring is essential when seeking professional nursing guidance, impacting positive outcomes.

    Four Levels of Theory/Nursing Theory

    • Grand level: Most abstract; sets the theoretical framework for the entire nursing discipline (e.g., Watson's theory , Roy, Orem). These theories encompass all four meta-paradigm concepts.
    • Middle-range level: Less abstract, focusing on clinical practice situations (e.g., relating to pain, hope, sorrow).

    Levels of Theory, cont'd

    • Practice level: Describes interventions for a specific nursing phenomenon (e.g., what to do). This is the level of theory typically taught to undergraduate (UG) nursing students.
    • Prescriptive level: Very few prescriptive nursing theories; provides interventions as prescribed where the intervention is performed every time the specific condition calls for it (e.g., turning an immobile patient every two hours).

    Nursing Theory – Grand Level Examples

    • Nightingale: Focuses on the patient's environment; nurses manipulate the environment to restore health.
    • Roy: Focuses on patient adaptation to changes in physiological, self-concept, role function, and interdependence domains.
    • Watson: Focuses on caring; caring occurs through transpersonal nurse-patient engagement.

    Watson's Theory of Caring

    • Watson's theory of caring is a holistic model.
    • It emphasizes conscious intention to care, promoting wholeness (in both the nurse and the person).
    • Caring relationships are vital, preserving human dignity in modern health care.

    Nursing Theory – Middle Range Examples

    • Benner: Skill acquisition (novice to expert)
    • Kolcaba: Comfort
    • Pender: Health promotion
    • Mishel: Uncertainty in illness

    Nursing's Theoretical Foundation

    • Nursing's theoretical knowledge base has expanded due to an increasing number of phenomena addressed by nurses and advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs).
    • Evidence-based nursing practice (EBNP) deemphasizes habits and rituals, using evidence to guide care.

    Evidence-Based Nursing Practice (EBNP)

    • EBNP is a problem-solving approach to clinical practice.
    • It integrates best evidence, nurse expertise, and patient preferences to inform patient care decisions.

    ANA Standards of Professional Performance

    • The ANA (2021) provides 12 Standards of Professional Performance alongside the 6 Standards of Practice.
    • Nurses and nursing students are expected to engage in professional role activities in line with their education, position, and experience.

    ANA Professional Role Activities

    • These activities cover ethics, advocacy, equitable practice, communication, collaboration, leadership, education, scholarly inquiry, quality practice evaluation, resource stewardship, and environmental health.

    Standard 14: Scholarly Inquiry

    • Registered nurses use scholarship, evidence, and research findings to guide their practice (ANA, 2021, p. 100).

    Scholarly Inquiry/EBNP Competencies Based on Academic Preparation

    • BSN: Critically appraises research; utilizes best research evidence in practice; assists with problem identification in nursing.
    • MSN: Critically appraises and synthesizes research, implementing best evidence in practice, collaborates with research projects, and provides clinical expertise.

    EBNP Competencies at the Doctoral Level

    • DNP: Develops, implements, evaluates, and revises protocols and guidelines, conducting clinical studies.
    • PhD: Conducts research, contributing to the empirical knowledge base within a specific area of study.
    • Post-doctoral: Implements funded research programs, mentors other PhD-prepared researchers.

    Evidence for EBNP

    • Evidence, for scientific disciplines, is generated by research.
    • Registered nurses are the primary producers of evidence needed for EBNP due to their knowledge of nursing and nursing practice.

    Approaches to Knowledge Development

    • Two approaches are deductive reasoning, which uses general principles to predict specific situations (Quantitative), and inductive reasoning, which uses specific observations to develop generalizations (Qualitative).

    Inductive Nursing Knowledge

    • Often generated through nursing practice.
    • Example: Observing that hospitalized children experience anxiety when separated from their parents.

    Nursing Knowledge from Deduction

    • Generated from learned principles.
    • Example: Knowing that children experience anxiety when separated from their parents, observing for signs of separation in hospitalized children.

    Sources of Evidence

    • Not all evidence sources are credible, valid, or reliable.
    • Health care historically favors deductive methods presented in academic journals.
    • Inductive approaches, while useful when studying humans/human sciences, are not always considered as credible.

    Nursing Knowledge

    • Both deductive and inductive reasoning are essential for understanding nursing and nursing phenomena.
    • Neither methodology is superior when used as a basis for nursing care or patient-centered nursing.

    Evidence for the EBP Assignment & Group Presentation

    • Use original research reports from nursing literature for assignments.
    • Nursing literature encompasses published works that nurses produce.
    • Titles of nursing journals often include "nurse," "nurses," or "nursing"

    Where to find the nursing literature

    • CINAHL (Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature) is a useful database.
    • Not every article within CINAHL represents nursing literature, as it also includes articles from other health disciplines.
    • Nurses assess articles for publication in nursing journals on the official ANA list.

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    Description

    Explore the theoretical and scientific underpinnings of professional nursing practice. This quiz delves into the contributions of Florence Nightingale and the ongoing evolution of nursing theory. Understand key concepts that shape nursing knowledge and its practical applications.

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