Foundations for Practice in Respiratory Lectures

<p>By binding to hemoglobin and dissolving in plasma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>40 mmHg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>7.2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is a potential respiratory depression. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolic alkalosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>250 mL/min (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50 mL O2/L (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Large amounts of muco-purulent sputum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obstructive ventilatory defects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gamma globulin deficiency and cystic fibrosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates an early maximum flow rate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both FEV1 and FVC are reduced in parallel. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extra-thoracic obstruction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is increased elastic recoil of the lungs assisting expiration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is less effort-dependent and reflects small airway condition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is fast flow due to sufficient lung elasticity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The proportion of air expelled in the first second indicating obstruction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Radius of the airway (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pressure fluctuations assist in the initiation of the breathing cycle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flow is characterized by swirls and eddies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wheezing or rhonchi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ohm's law (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The central lamina flows at the fastest velocity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased mean velocity of airflow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Radius of the airway (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>F = (P1-P2) * πr⁴ / 8ηL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Residual Volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tidal volume is the amount of air breathed in and out in a single breath, while minute volume is the total amount of air breathed in one minute. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The volume of air inhaled during the previous breath. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6,000 ml (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>After intense exercise, when breathing is rapid and deep. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inspiratory Reserve Volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent collapse of the alveoli during exhalation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitate gas diffusion thanks to their thinness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elastin fibres (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surfactant; to reduce surface tension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 2 pneumocytes have more cytoplasm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and interstitium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prevents the collapse of alveoli during exhalation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A connective tissue layer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>70-100 m2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pressure of oxygen in the alveoli, determining O2 availability for gas exchange.

The pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli, influencing respiratory drive.

Total amount of oxygen carried in a liter of arterial blood, measured in mL/L.

Difference in oxygen content between arterial and venous blood indicating how much is used by tissues.

The flow and transfer of oxygen from lungs to tissues through blood circulation.

The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing.

The total volume of air breathed in one minute, calculated as tidal volume times respiratory frequency.

The additional volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal inspiration.

The additional volume of air that can be exhaled after a normal expiration.

The volume of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration.

The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation, consisting of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume.

The total volume of air in the lungs after the largest inhalation, includes all lung volumes.

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after normal expiration, includes expiratory reserve volume and residual volume.

Thin squamous epithelial cells in alveoli important for gas diffusion.

Thicker epithelial cells that produce surfactant to reduce surface tension in alveoli.

A substance that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, aiding lung compliance.

Composed of Type 1 and Type 2 pneumocytes, endothelial cells, and interstitium.

The ability of lung tissue to stretch and expand during breathing.

The ability of lung tissue to return to its original shape after stretching.

A force at the air-water interface in the alveoli that can affect lung expansion.

Proteins in lung tissue that contribute to elastic recoil and lung compliance.

A type of fluid flow where layers move parallel and smooth.

A type of fluid flow characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity.

A formula describing laminar flow dependent on pressure, radius, and viscosity.

The difference in pressure between two points that drives fluid movement.

The resistance to airflow in the airways, related to size and viscosity.

Indicates narrowed airways due to increased flow velocity required for same volume.

Sounds resulting from turbulent airflow in narrowed airways; indicate resistance.

The measure of a fluid's resistance to flow due to internal friction between layers.

The maximum rate of air flow during forced expiration, occurring early in the expiration phase.

Forced Expiratory Volume in one second; the amount of air a person can exhale in the first second of a forced breath.

Forced Vital Capacity; the total amount of air exhaled during a forced breath after maximum inhalation.

A percentage calculation that compares FEV1 to FVC, indicating airflow limitation.

A condition where both FEV1 and FVC are reduced, but the FEV1/FVC ratio remains normal or increases.

Condition where FEV1 is reduced more than FVC, leading to a decreased FEV1/FVC ratio.

Blockage occurring inside the thoracic cavity affecting expiration.

Blockage occurring outside the thoracic cavity, impacting inspiration.

An abnormality in body pH, indicated by levels of pH, PaCO2, and HCO3-.

The normal pH for blood is approximately 7.35 to 7.45.

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide; normal levels range from 4.7 to 6.0 kPa.

Bicarbonate ion concentration; normal levels are between 22 to 26 mmol/L.

The volume of oxygen transferred from alveoli to capillaries at rest is about 250 mL/min.

Contains about 150 mL O2/L; this is the blood returning to the lungs.

A condition of dilated bronchi leading to chronic infection and excess mucus.

A genetic disorder leading to impaired ciliary movement, increasing infection risk.