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What is the term for the feeling of discomfort in breathing, which is often associated with respiratory disorders?
What is the term for the feeling of discomfort in breathing, which is often associated with respiratory disorders?
Dyspnea
Which of the following is a common measure used in pulmonary function testing?
Which of the following is a common measure used in pulmonary function testing?
What does a flow volume loop graphically represent?
What does a flow volume loop graphically represent?
Which of the following respiratory disorders is characterized by narrowing or blockage of the airways?
Which of the following respiratory disorders is characterized by narrowing or blockage of the airways?
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Restrictive lung diseases typically affect expiration more than inspiration.
Restrictive lung diseases typically affect expiration more than inspiration.
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What is the main symptom of central respiratory disorders?
What is the main symptom of central respiratory disorders?
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What does the acronym 'CSCI' stand for in the context of respiratory disorders?
What does the acronym 'CSCI' stand for in the context of respiratory disorders?
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Which type of cerebral palsy is characterized by involuntary movements and irregular bursts of inhalation and exhalation?
Which type of cerebral palsy is characterized by involuntary movements and irregular bursts of inhalation and exhalation?
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What is a common intervention for clients with cerebral palsy to improve respiratory function?
What is a common intervention for clients with cerebral palsy to improve respiratory function?
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What is the common name for a device that delivers air into a person's respiratory system during mechanical ventilation?
What is the common name for a device that delivers air into a person's respiratory system during mechanical ventilation?
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What is a potential issue associated with mechanical ventilation in terms of speech production?
What is a potential issue associated with mechanical ventilation in terms of speech production?
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What type of valve is often used to allow speech production in individuals on mechanical ventilation?
What type of valve is often used to allow speech production in individuals on mechanical ventilation?
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Clients with vocal fold nodules typically have a smaller lung volume excursion during speech compared to individuals without nodules.
Clients with vocal fold nodules typically have a smaller lung volume excursion during speech compared to individuals without nodules.
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What term describes voice disorders that are often characterized by shallow breathing, poor coordination of expiration and phonation, and clavicular breathing?
What term describes voice disorders that are often characterized by shallow breathing, poor coordination of expiration and phonation, and clavicular breathing?
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What are some common respiratory behaviors observed in individuals who stutter?
What are some common respiratory behaviors observed in individuals who stutter?
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What is the name of the computer-assisted fluency enhancement training program that utilizes respiratory inductance plethysmography?
What is the name of the computer-assisted fluency enhancement training program that utilizes respiratory inductance plethysmography?
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Asthma is characterized by which of the following:
Asthma is characterized by which of the following:
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What is a common trigger for asthma attacks?
What is a common trigger for asthma attacks?
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Individuals with asthma often present with flattened inspiratory limbs on flow volume loops.
Individuals with asthma often present with flattened inspiratory limbs on flow volume loops.
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What is the common abbreviation for inhaled corticosteroids, a medication used to manage asthma?
What is the common abbreviation for inhaled corticosteroids, a medication used to manage asthma?
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Which of the following is a potential consequence of asthma in terms of speech production?
Which of the following is a potential consequence of asthma in terms of speech production?
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What is the full name for 'ILO' in the context of respiratory disorders?
What is the full name for 'ILO' in the context of respiratory disorders?
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Individuals with ILO typically experience a drop in oxygen saturation levels during an episode.
Individuals with ILO typically experience a drop in oxygen saturation levels during an episode.
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What is the primary treatment approach for ILO?
What is the primary treatment approach for ILO?
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What term describes the condition when a person experiences a laryngeal obstruction during or immediately after exercise?
What term describes the condition when a person experiences a laryngeal obstruction during or immediately after exercise?
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What is a common intervention strategy for voice disorders, involving starting phonation at a higher lung volume and ending phonation before the lungs become too empty?
What is a common intervention strategy for voice disorders, involving starting phonation at a higher lung volume and ending phonation before the lungs become too empty?
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Study Notes
Respiratory Disorders
- Respiratory disorders encompass issues impacting air movement and oxygen exchange
- Symptoms include dyspnea, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and effort
- Triggers involve interactions between respiratory system structures (lungs, airways, thorax), blood vessels, brain regions, physical factors (BMI, conditioning), and psychological elements
- Causes classify as obstructive, restrictive, or central
- Obstructive disorders narrow or block airways (e.g., foreign bodies, inflammation, smooth muscle spasms)
- Restrictive disorders hinder lung expansion, reducing lung volume (e.g., fibrosis, connective tissue diseases)
- Central disorders stem from neurological dysfunction in the respiratory centers of the brainstem (e.g., CVA stroke)
Assessment of Respiratory Variables
- Measurements include lung volumes, air pressures, airflow, and chest wall positioning
- Variables interact; one facet's measurement can provide information about another
- Spirometry measures lung volume and airflow
- Pulmonary Function Testing (PFT) analyzes respiratory function
Pulmonary Function Testing (PFT)
- Norms base on patient age, sex, height, and ethnicity
- Common measures include: Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced expiratory flow (FEF), and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)
- Max voluntary ventilation (MVV) measures a person's maximum breathing capacity
- Full chart details found at Ferrand p. 89
Flow Volume Loops
- Graphs display airflow velocity on the Y-axis and air volume on the X-axis, showing how air moves
- These are useful diagnostic tools used to assess breath flow
Respiratory Kinematic Analysis
- Methods for analyzing respiration during speech using plethysmography and linearized magnetometers
- These techniques evaluate respiratory movement patterns; providing dynamic data
Plethysmograph
- A technique analyzing changes in air pressure and volume within a sealed system during breathing to quantify lung volume.
Respiratory Inductance Plethysmography
- Measures changes in electromagnetic fields due to chest and abdominal movements
- Provides a method for calculating lung volume
Linearized Magnetometer
- A technique utilizing two magnetic sensors measuring fluctuations in strength to assess respiratory movements, gauging lung volume accurately
Air Pressures for Speech
- Palv (pulmonary alveolar pressure): pressure within the lungs
- Psub (subglottal pressure): pressure in the vocal tract below the vocal folds
- Ptrach (tracheal pressure): pressure within the trachea
- Poral (oral pressure): pressure in the mouth during speech.
Manometer
- Measures static air pressure (e.g., maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressure)
- Useful for evaluating and training to maintain target pressures
Average Flow Rates
- Average airflow rates provide standard values by age and gender for phonation during different tasks
- Flow rates for /a/ are referenced
- Rates can differ based on different contexts of speech
Respiratory Disorders
- Breathing difficulties and reduced oxygen exchange: Dyspnea (SOB), chest tightness, and exertion
Stridor
- Sound during breathing, either inspiratory, expiratory, or both
- May range in pitch from high to low
- Related to narrowing and obstruction of airways, especially pertaining to potential causes of laryngomalacia
Classifications
- Obstructive, Restrictive, Central: This categorizes types of respiratory disorders, offering essential information for understanding variations in airway function
Obstructive Respiratory Disorders
- Airways narrowing or blockage
- Examples include asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, COPD
Restrictive Lung Diseases
- Conditions hinder lung expansion, reducing volume
- Examples are fibrosis, connective tissue diseases
Central Respiratory Disorders
- Neurological dysfunction in respiratory centers
- Examples involve stroke, CVA, and medications that affect the nervous system.
Neurological Disorders
- Issues affecting respiratory muscles
- Examples include spasticity, flaccidity, and weakness. Examples include Parkinson's, ALS, MD, spinal injury, or CP
Parkinson's
- May involve reduced respiratory support, reduced rib expansion, and increased abdominal expansion
- Potential for reduced speech volumes due to reduced motor function
Cerebellar Disease
- Smooth coordination of voluntary movement affected due to damage to cerebellum
- May lead to issues like slurring, excessive/equal stress, and uncoordinated breathing
Cervical Spinal Cord Injury (CSCI)
- May involve weakness or paralysis of respiratory muscles
- Potential for ventilator dependence
- May also exhibit reduced expiratory muscle strength/ inspiratory muscle strength, reduced oral pressure (Poral).
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- A chronic obstructive lung disease affecting the functional capacity of the lungs; affecting the ability to perform everyday tasks.
Asthma
- Chronic disorder with acute flare-ups
- Bronchial narrowing due to mucosal inflammation and smooth muscle contraction
- Examples include nocturnal cough, SOB, chest tightness
- Triggers may include allergies, environmental factors, infection, or exercise
Mechanical Ventilation
- Respiratory support using a ventilator
- May involve tube or stoma usage and varying pressure needs
- Requires careful management to balance speech and respiratory needs
Voice Disorders
- Issues with vocal folds
- May include larger lung volumes, higher than normal pressure, poor coordination of expiratory and phonation
- Potential for muscle strain and inefficiency
Dysphonia
- Speech impairment; characterized by problems with voice quality
Stuttering
- Characterized by speech disfluencies (blocking, prolongations, repetitions)
- Difficulty coordinating speech with breathing/phonology processes; involves atypical respiratory control
Inducible Laryngeal Obstruction (ILI)
- Temporary vocal fold closure, triggering stridor and dyspnea
- Typically asymptomatic, Respiratory functionality remains normal unless activated.
Exercise-Induced Laryngeal Obstruction (EILO)
- Laryngeal obstruction during exercise or speech
- May be confused with exercise-induced asthma
Voice Disorder Intervention
- Starts phonation with higher lung volumes and stops prior to exhaustion.
References
- Website links and book references are available for more in-depth understanding of topics
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Description
This quiz covers key aspects of respiratory disorders, including definitions, symptoms, and classifications such as obstructive, restrictive, and central disorders. It also touches upon the assessment of respiratory variables and their interactions. Test your understanding of how these conditions affect air movement and oxygen exchange.
