Speech Science: Lecture 8

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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the feeling of discomfort in breathing, which is often associated with respiratory disorders?

Dyspnea

Which of the following is a common measure used in pulmonary function testing?

  • Forced vital capacity (FVC)
  • Residual volume (RV)
  • Tidal volume (TV)
  • All of the above (correct)

What does a flow volume loop graphically represent?

  • The rate of oxygen exchange in the lungs
  • The relationship between lung volume and airflow velocity (correct)
  • The relationship between lung volume and air pressure
  • The changes in chest wall movement during breathing

Which of the following respiratory disorders is characterized by narrowing or blockage of the airways?

<p>Obstructive respiratory disorder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Restrictive lung diseases typically affect expiration more than inspiration.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main symptom of central respiratory disorders?

<p>Hypoventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym 'CSCI' stand for in the context of respiratory disorders?

<p>Cervical Spinal Cord Injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cerebral palsy is characterized by involuntary movements and irregular bursts of inhalation and exhalation?

<p>Athetoid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common intervention for clients with cerebral palsy to improve respiratory function?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common name for a device that delivers air into a person's respiratory system during mechanical ventilation?

<p>Cannula</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential issue associated with mechanical ventilation in terms of speech production?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of valve is often used to allow speech production in individuals on mechanical ventilation?

<p>Speaking valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

Clients with vocal fold nodules typically have a smaller lung volume excursion during speech compared to individuals without nodules.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes voice disorders that are often characterized by shallow breathing, poor coordination of expiration and phonation, and clavicular breathing?

<p>Hyperfunctional voice disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some common respiratory behaviors observed in individuals who stutter?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the computer-assisted fluency enhancement training program that utilizes respiratory inductance plethysmography?

<p>CAFET</p> Signup and view all the answers

Asthma is characterized by which of the following:

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common trigger for asthma attacks?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individuals with asthma often present with flattened inspiratory limbs on flow volume loops.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common abbreviation for inhaled corticosteroids, a medication used to manage asthma?

<p>ICS</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of asthma in terms of speech production?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the full name for 'ILO' in the context of respiratory disorders?

<p>Inducible Laryngeal Obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individuals with ILO typically experience a drop in oxygen saturation levels during an episode.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment approach for ILO?

<p>Voice therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the condition when a person experiences a laryngeal obstruction during or immediately after exercise?

<p>Exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common intervention strategy for voice disorders, involving starting phonation at a higher lung volume and ending phonation before the lungs become too empty?

<p>Breath support management</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Residual Volume

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum exhalation.

Lung Volumes

Different amounts of air in the lungs at various points in the respiratory cycle.

Spirometry

A method to directly measure lung volumes and airflow.

Pulmonary Function Testing

Evaluates how well the lungs take in and release air.

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Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

The maximum volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a maximum inhalation.

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Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1)

The volume of air forcibly exhaled in the first second.

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Flow Volume Loops

Graph showing airflow velocity and volume.

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Respiratory Kinematic Analysis

Assessment of breathing during speech.

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Plethysmography

Measurement of lung volume by monitoring changes in air pressure within a sealed container.

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Respiratory Inductance Plethysmography

Evaluating lung volume through changes in an electromagnetic field detected from chest wall movement.

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Linearized Magnetometer

Measuring chest expansion using magnetic field readings from chest wall movement.

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Palv

Air pressure within the lungs.

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Psub

Pressure below the vocal folds.

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Ptrach

Pressure in the trachea (windpipe).

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Poral

Intra-oral pressure (pressure inside the mouth).

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Manometer

A tool for measuring static air pressure.

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Airflow

The rate of air movement.

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Pneumotachometer

A device measuring airflow rate.

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Respiratory Disorders

Conditions that interfere with air movement and oxygen exchange.

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Dyspnea

Feeling of discomfort and difficulty breathing.

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Stridor

Audible sound during breathing due to airway obstruction.

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Obstructive Respiratory Disorders

Narrowing or blockage of airways, often affecting exhalation.

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Restrictive Lung Diseases

Conditions hindering lung expansion, impacting inhalation.

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Central Respiratory Disorders

Neurological problems affecting the brain's respiratory control center.

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Study Notes

Respiratory Disorders

  • Respiratory disorders encompass issues impacting air movement and oxygen exchange
  • Symptoms include dyspnea, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and effort
  • Triggers involve interactions between respiratory system structures (lungs, airways, thorax), blood vessels, brain regions, physical factors (BMI, conditioning), and psychological elements
  • Causes classify as obstructive, restrictive, or central
  • Obstructive disorders narrow or block airways (e.g., foreign bodies, inflammation, smooth muscle spasms)
  • Restrictive disorders hinder lung expansion, reducing lung volume (e.g., fibrosis, connective tissue diseases)
  • Central disorders stem from neurological dysfunction in the respiratory centers of the brainstem (e.g., CVA stroke)

Assessment of Respiratory Variables

  • Measurements include lung volumes, air pressures, airflow, and chest wall positioning
  • Variables interact; one facet's measurement can provide information about another
  • Spirometry measures lung volume and airflow
  • Pulmonary Function Testing (PFT) analyzes respiratory function

Pulmonary Function Testing (PFT)

  • Norms base on patient age, sex, height, and ethnicity
  • Common measures include: Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced expiratory flow (FEF), and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)
  • Max voluntary ventilation (MVV) measures a person's maximum breathing capacity
  • Full chart details found at Ferrand p. 89

Flow Volume Loops

  • Graphs display airflow velocity on the Y-axis and air volume on the X-axis, showing how air moves
  • These are useful diagnostic tools used to assess breath flow

Respiratory Kinematic Analysis

  • Methods for analyzing respiration during speech using plethysmography and linearized magnetometers
  • These techniques evaluate respiratory movement patterns; providing dynamic data

Plethysmograph

  • A technique analyzing changes in air pressure and volume within a sealed system during breathing to quantify lung volume.

Respiratory Inductance Plethysmography

  • Measures changes in electromagnetic fields due to chest and abdominal movements
  • Provides a method for calculating lung volume

Linearized Magnetometer

  • A technique utilizing two magnetic sensors measuring fluctuations in strength to assess respiratory movements, gauging lung volume accurately

Air Pressures for Speech

  • Palv (pulmonary alveolar pressure): pressure within the lungs
  • Psub (subglottal pressure): pressure in the vocal tract below the vocal folds
  • Ptrach (tracheal pressure): pressure within the trachea
  • Poral (oral pressure): pressure in the mouth during speech.

Manometer

  • Measures static air pressure (e.g., maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressure)
  • Useful for evaluating and training to maintain target pressures

Average Flow Rates

  • Average airflow rates provide standard values by age and gender for phonation during different tasks
  • Flow rates for /a/ are referenced
  • Rates can differ based on different contexts of speech

Respiratory Disorders

  • Breathing difficulties and reduced oxygen exchange: Dyspnea (SOB), chest tightness, and exertion

Stridor

  • Sound during breathing, either inspiratory, expiratory, or both
  • May range in pitch from high to low
  • Related to narrowing and obstruction of airways, especially pertaining to potential causes of laryngomalacia

Classifications

  • Obstructive, Restrictive, Central: This categorizes types of respiratory disorders, offering essential information for understanding variations in airway function

Obstructive Respiratory Disorders

  • Airways narrowing or blockage
  • Examples include asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, COPD

Restrictive Lung Diseases

  • Conditions hinder lung expansion, reducing volume
  • Examples are fibrosis, connective tissue diseases

Central Respiratory Disorders

  • Neurological dysfunction in respiratory centers
  • Examples involve stroke, CVA, and medications that affect the nervous system.

Neurological Disorders

  • Issues affecting respiratory muscles
  • Examples include spasticity, flaccidity, and weakness. Examples include Parkinson's, ALS, MD, spinal injury, or CP

Parkinson's

  • May involve reduced respiratory support, reduced rib expansion, and increased abdominal expansion
  • Potential for reduced speech volumes due to reduced motor function

Cerebellar Disease

  • Smooth coordination of voluntary movement affected due to damage to cerebellum
  • May lead to issues like slurring, excessive/equal stress, and uncoordinated breathing

Cervical Spinal Cord Injury (CSCI)

  • May involve weakness or paralysis of respiratory muscles
  • Potential for ventilator dependence
  • May also exhibit reduced expiratory muscle strength/ inspiratory muscle strength, reduced oral pressure (Poral).

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

  • A chronic obstructive lung disease affecting the functional capacity of the lungs; affecting the ability to perform everyday tasks.

Asthma

  • Chronic disorder with acute flare-ups
  • Bronchial narrowing due to mucosal inflammation and smooth muscle contraction
  • Examples include nocturnal cough, SOB, chest tightness
  • Triggers may include allergies, environmental factors, infection, or exercise

Mechanical Ventilation

  • Respiratory support using a ventilator
  • May involve tube or stoma usage and varying pressure needs
  • Requires careful management to balance speech and respiratory needs

Voice Disorders

  • Issues with vocal folds
  • May include larger lung volumes, higher than normal pressure, poor coordination of expiratory and phonation
  • Potential for muscle strain and inefficiency

Dysphonia

  • Speech impairment; characterized by problems with voice quality

Stuttering

  • Characterized by speech disfluencies (blocking, prolongations, repetitions)
  • Difficulty coordinating speech with breathing/phonology processes; involves atypical respiratory control

Inducible Laryngeal Obstruction (ILI)

  • Temporary vocal fold closure, triggering stridor and dyspnea
  • Typically asymptomatic, Respiratory functionality remains normal unless activated.

Exercise-Induced Laryngeal Obstruction (EILO)

  • Laryngeal obstruction during exercise or speech
  • May be confused with exercise-induced asthma

Voice Disorder Intervention

  • Starts phonation with higher lung volumes and stops prior to exhaustion.

References

  • Website links and book references are available for more in-depth understanding of topics

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