Fossil Record and Origin of Life

<p>Theory of Evolution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An evolutionary change in the timing or rate of an organism's development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hox genes are a type of homeotic gene, responsible for positional information in animals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Changes in the sequences and/or regulation of developmental genes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased competition between species. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Structures that evolve in one context but become co-opted for another function. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common ancestry: (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It includes only part of the descendants of a common ancestor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Structures that share the same evolutionary origin but have different functions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excavata (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The parent isotope decreases over time, while the daughter isotope increases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They represent the earliest known contributors to the formation of Earth's oxidizing atmosphere. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relative dating uses the position of fossils in rock layers, while radiometric dating uses the decay of radioactive isotopes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were originally free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by larger cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It proposes that Earth experienced periods of extreme glaciation, potentially impacting the evolution of life. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2.1 billion years ago (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are multicellular organisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It relies on the decay of radioactive isotopes to estimate the age of fossils. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diatoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rhizaria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ciliates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Green Algae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forams (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rhizaria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oomycetes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conidia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are defined by a club-like structure called basidium. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fairy rings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are effective at recycling chemical elements. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mycosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ascomycetes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By fragmentation or soredia formation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fungi can assist in digesting plant material in the guts of animals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They possess multiple flagella. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Euglenozoans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Red algae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have complex life cycles involving sexual and asexual stages. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasmodium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alveolates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dinoflagellate blooms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kinetoplastids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Basidium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Algae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are efficient decomposers, breaking down organic matter. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fungi in the guts of grazing mammals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Basidiomycete (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A group consisting of an ancestral species and all its descendants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They consume other organisms for nutrients. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Traits that evolve for one purpose but are used for another. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They arise from different evolutionary paths. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rhizaria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nitrogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Volcanic outgassing and comets (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was associated with removal of oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They demonstrated abiotic synthesis of organic molecules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA is more stable and less prone to errors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An environment with low oxidation and high electron availability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They catalyze chemical reactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To form sheaths of hyphae over roots (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They penetrate root cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zoospores (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The union of cytoplasms of parental mycelia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heterokaryon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is resistant to unfavorable conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ascomycetes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are significant decomposers of organic materials. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To estimate ages of fossils based on their depth in strata. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It relies on the decay of isotopes to determine the age of fossils. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are formed primarily from bacterial and algae interactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They contributed to early atmospheric oxygen levels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The time required for half of the parent isotope to decay. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3.5 to 2.1 billion years ago. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elements are formed through processes occurring in their interiors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extreme glaciation that limited life to specific regions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parabasalids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Membrane-bound sacs called alveoli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Porous shells made of silica (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One or two flagella and presence of chloroplasts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have a complex life cycle involving host penetration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dinoflagellates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anaerobic processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasmodium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Layers of sedimentary rocks that hold fossils.

Determining fossil ages using strata; deeper means older.

Method using radioactive decay to find exact fossil ages.

Time taken for half of a parent isotope to decay.

Radiometric dating using carbon-12 and carbon-14 ratios.

Mutual relationship where one organism lives within another.

Earliest single-celled organisms contributing to Earth's atmosphere.

A theory that extreme glaciation confined life to warm areas.

An assemblage of larger, soft-bodied organisms that existed prior to the Cambrian period.

The sudden appearance of fossils resembling modern phyla during the Cambrian period, marking a rapid increase in diversity.

The process where plants and fungi moved to land around 475 million years ago, soon followed by arthropods.

The evolution of tetrapods from lobed-finned fishes, marking a significant evolutionary step.

A geological period characterized by high atmospheric oxygen levels and the existence of large anthropoids and coal forests.

Evolutionary change in the timing or rate of an organism's development, affecting body form.

Genes that dictate where body parts develop in an organism, crucial for body plan organization.

A specific type of homeotic gene that provides positional information in animals during development.

Structures that evolve for one purpose but are adapted for another function.

A group that includes a single ancestral species and all of its descendants, also called a clade.

One of the three domains of life, consisting of organisms with complex cells.

A diverse group of unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes, often classified under a single kingdom.

A group of protozoans that move using cilia and have complex nuclei.

A group that includes certain heterotrophs and algae with hairy and smooth flagella.

Unicellular algae with a silica cell wall, major phytoplankton component.

Unicellular or colonial algae with yellow-brown pigments; some are mixotrophic.

Filamentous decomposers or parasites, once thought to be fungi.

Organisms with porous, multi-chambered shells made of organic material and calcium carbonate.

Marine protists with delicate silica tests usually fused into one piece.

Supergroup that includes animals, fungi, and related protists, characterized by lobe-shaped pseudopodia.

A group of protists characterized by their unique cytoskeleton and includes diplomonads, parabasalids, and euglenozoans.

Protists with mitochondria called mitosomes, anaerobic energy, two nuclei, multiple flagella, often parasites.

Have reduced mitochondria called hydrogenosomes that generate energy anaerobically and use undulating membranes.

Diverse mixotrophic protists with a crystalline rod, includes predatory heterotrophs and photoautotrophs.

A group characterized by membrane-bound sacs called alveoli under the plasma membrane, includes dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates.

Aquatic mixotrophs with two flagella and internal cellulose plates, known for toxic blooms and red tides.

Parasitic organisms with specialized organelles for penetrating hosts, involved in a complex life cycle.

The parasite causing malaria, which changes surface proteins and requires both mosquito and human hosts to complete its life cycle.

Asexual spores produced by ascomycetes fungi.

A phylum of fungi defined by the club-like structure called basidium.

Circles of mushrooms formed by mycelium spreading from a central point.

Fungi that form beneficial relationships with plants, algae, and animals.

Mutualistic relationship between fungi and plant roots.

Symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism.

A general term for fungal infection in animals.

Common fungal infections like athlete's foot and ringworm.

A group composed of some but not all members descending from a common ancestor.

A group that does not include its most common ancestor.

Similarity in structure across different species indicating common ancestry.

Changes over large time scales, such as the origin of photosynthesis.

Composed of water vapor, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide from volcanic eruptions.

Areas where organic molecules formed, thought to be early life origins.

An environment where oxidation is prevented, facilitating organic molecule formation.

Conducted experiments demonstrating abiotic synthesis of organic molecules.

Probable first genetic material on Earth was RNA.

RNA molecules capable of catalyzing chemical reactions.

DNA is more stable and replicates with fewer errors compared to RNA.

Documents of life's history and the first evidence of evolutionary change.

Rocks formed by the accumulation of sediments in layers known as strata.

The process of life developing from less complex to more complex forms.

The process where a parent isotope decays into a daughter isotope at a constant rate.

An isotope that is produced from the decay of a parent isotope.

The evolution that gave rise to plants, fungi, and animals from single-celled organisms.

Fossilized structures made of layers of cyanobacteria and sediment.

The theory that mitochondria and plastids originated from small prokaryotes living within larger cells.

A diverse clade that includes dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates, originating from secondary symbiosis.

A subgroup of Euglenozoans with a single mitochondrion and a unique DNA mass called kinetoplast.

Fungi that form sheaths of hyphae over roots and into root cortex spaces.

Fungi that extend hyphae into root cells and form tubes.

Sexually signaling molecules used by fungi for mating communication.

The union of the cytoplasms of two parent mycelia.

A fungal mycelium with two or more haploid nuclei per cell.

Fusion of two haploid nuclei to form a diploid nucleus (zygote).

Aquatic fungi with flagellated spores; may be the most ancestral fungi lineage.

Mycelium reproduces sexually, forming basidiocarps that produce basidiospores.

Fungi form mutualistic relationships with plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and animals.