Forms of Motion in Human Movement

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Questions and Answers

What characterizes pure linear motion?

The system is stationary with no movement.

All parts of the system move in different directions.

All parts of the system move in the same direction at the same speed. (correct)

The motion is solely vertical.

Which type of motion occurs when the path of movement is curved?

Curvilinear motion (correct)

Angular motion

Rectilinear motion

Translatory motion

What movement involves both rotation and translation?

A simple arm lift

A stationary stretch

A runner's movement (correct)

A side plank exercise

What happens to linear motion when body parts move relative to each other?

It ceases to be linear motion. Signup and view all the answers

Which plane divides the body into front and back halves?

Coronal (frontal) plane Signup and view all the answers

In angular motion, what is the axis of rotation?

An imaginary central line perpendicular to the plane of rotation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms describe a structure closer to the midline of the body?

Medial Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of rectilinear motion?

A motorcyclist moving along a straight path. Signup and view all the answers

In which type of movement do the arms and legs generally move forward and backward?

Sagittal plane movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical reference position?

Standing upright with arms relaxed and palms facing forward Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for movement that occurs when a body segment is rotated towards the midline of the body?

Adduction Signup and view all the answers

Which axis is associated with rotation in the frontal plane?

Antero-posterior axis Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement refers specifically to bringing the top of the foot toward the lower leg?

Dorsiflexion Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining feature of circumduction as a body movement?

It describes a conical trajectory. Signup and view all the answers

Which active movement at the forearm involves turning the palm upwards?

Supination Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system in analyzing human movement?

To represent points of interest in horizontal and vertical directions. Signup and view all the answers

Which axis is typically vertical in a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system?

Z-axis Signup and view all the answers

What is a common approach for conducting qualitative analyses of human movement?

Employing visual observation methods. Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for an analyst to effectively identify performance errors in motor skills?

Familiarity with the biomechanics of the skill. Signup and view all the answers

What misconception might inexperienced coaches have regarding techniques in sports?

They focus on visible symptoms rather than root causes of errors. Signup and view all the answers

Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Forms of Motion

Human movement is primarily a combination of linear and angular motion.
Analyzing movements by breaking them down into these components is helpful for analysis.

Linear Motion

Pure linear motion (translation) involves all parts of a system moving in the same direction and at the same speed.
A body undergoing translation moves as a unit, without relative movement between parts.
Examples of translation include a passenger on a smooth flight or a Nordic skier in a locked position on a straight hill.
Rectilinear motion is along a straight line.
Curvilinear motion is along a curved line. A motorcyclist jumping over a straight path is in curvilinear motion.
Linear movement, such as a gymnast, can be rectilinear, curvilinear, and rotational.

Angular Motion

Angular motion is rotation around an axis of rotation.
This axis is perpendicular to the plane of rotation.
A gymnast on a bar, or a diver in midair, are examples of angular motion.
All volitional human movement involves segment rotation around an imaginary axis through the joint.

General Motion

Combining translation and rotation creates general motion.
A football, or a runner, are examples of general motion.
Most human movement is general motion.

Mechanical Systems

Defining the mechanical system of interest is important; the entire body, or segment, or projectile can be relevant systems.
The system is decided by the intended analysis focus.

Anatomical Reference Position

This standard position is erect, feet slightly apart, arms relaxed at the sides with palms forward.
It's used to define movement terms.

Directional Terms

Superior (cranial): Closer to the head.
Inferior (caudal): Farther away from the head.
Anterior (ventral): Toward the front.
Posterior (dorsal): Toward the back.
Medial: Toward the body's midline.
Lateral: Away from the body's midline.
Proximal: Closer to the trunk.
Distal: Further from the trunk.
Superficial: Toward the body surface.
Deep: Away from the body surface.

Anatomical Reference Planes

Three imaginary planes bisect the body: sagittal (AP), frontal (coronal), and transverse (horizontal).
These planes intersect at the body's center of mass/gravity.
The planes move with the body when it changes position.
Movement along planes includes sagittal, frontal, and transverse plane movements of individual segments.

Anatomical Reference Axes

The three anatomical axes are perpendicular to the planes:
- medio-lateral (frontal-horizontal)
- antero-posterior (sagittal-horizontal)
- longitudinal (vertical axis)

Joint Movement Terminology

Body segments are typically at zero degrees(in anatomical position).
Movement away from anatomical position is described by the direction and angle change.

Sagittal Plane Movements

Flexion: Anteriorly directed rotation around the medio-lateral axis.
Extension: Return to anatomical position from flexion.
Hyperextension: Rotation beyond anatomical position.
Dorsiflexion: Foot top toward lower leg.
Plantar flexion: Foot ball toward the ground.

Frontal Plane Movements

Abduction: Movement away from the midline.
Adduction: Movement towards the midline.
Lateral flexion: Sideways trunk rotation.
Elevation: Shoulder girdle movement upward.
Depression: Shoulder girdle movement downward.
Radial deviation: Wrist rotation toward the thumb.
Ulnar deviation: Wrist rotation toward the little finger.
Eversion: Foot sole outward
Inversion: Foot sole inward
Pronation: Combination of eversion, abduction, and dorsiflexion.
Supination: Combination of inversion, adduction, and plantar flexion.

Transverse Plane Movements

Left rotation: Rotation left about a longitudinal axis.
Right rotation: Rotation right about a longitudinal axis.
Medial/Internal rotation: Rotation towards the midline.
Lateral/External rotation: Rotation away from the midline.
Supination: Forearm outward rotation, towards anatomical position.
Pronation: Forearm inward rotation, away from anatomical position.
Horizontal abduction/extension: Arm or thigh flexion to position away from the midline (transverse plane).
Horizontal adduction/flexion: Arm or thigh flexion to position towards the midline (transverse plane).

Circumduction

A circular movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

Spatial Reference Systems

Cartesian coordinate systems are used to quantitatively measure movement.
Two-dimensional systems use the x (horizontal) and y (vertical) axes to measure joint locations.
Three-dimensional systems add a z-axis perpendicular to the x-y plane measure in three directions.

Qualitative Analysis of Human Movement

Qualitative analysis describes movement characteristics without numbers, relying on observation.
Factors for diagnoses include kinematics and performance outcomes.
Understanding the movement's purpose is critical.
Key to a successful analysis is identifying the underlying cause of the error rather than symptoms.

Prerequisite Knowledge for Qualitative Analysis

Knowing appropriate biomechanics is key.
Familiarity with the skill being observed is helpful, but not essential.
Experience combined with planning analysis (criteria and checklist) is important.

Planning a Qualitative Analysis

Identify the key concerns.
Determine the best viewing perspectives for all important angles.
Decide on viewing distance.
The more inconsistent the skill performance, the more trials need observing.
Consider attire and surroundings.
Video use may alter performance.

Conducting a Qualitative Analysis

New questions may arise during observations.
Focusing observation on critical aspects and progressively narrowing the focus on issues is helpful.
Analyst must be sensitive to performer's age, gender, anthropometry, skill level, and other factors.

Tools for Measuring Kinematic Quantities

Video and Film: Early use of cameras, modern video options, high-speed and clarity cameras are needed to reduce motion blur.
Multiple cameras are needed for 3D analysis.
Markers are attached to joint locations to track movement.
Software allows for quick processing of data.
Accelerometers can measure acceleration from attachment locations.

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Description

This quiz explores the various forms of motion involved in human movement, including linear and angular motion. By examining examples such as rectilinear and curvilinear motion, participants will enhance their understanding of how movement is analyzed. Join to test your knowledge on these key concepts!